Excerpts

Only those variables that were significant or borderline significant in bi-variate analysis were included in multivariate analysis.

Jonckheere’s test revealed a significant trend in the data; as the frequency of physical activity increased participants reported feeling healthier (J = 38317, z = 4.196, r = −0.19) and fitter (J = 35932, z = 2.564, r = −0.12).

Contrary to our hypothesis, we found an inverse association between the access to convenience stores and obesity and we only observed a borderline significant association between access to fast food outlets and fast food consumption in the urban strata.

The few published case-series reports on PrCa in Nigeria demonstrate an increasing trend in incidence over a 30-year period raising it from the 8th to the 1st ranked cancer [ 36 - 38 ].

There were statistically significant inverse associations between risk of PrCa and height (OR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.86-0.97; per one cm increase), weight (OR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.94-1.00; per one kg increase; borderline significant), and waist size (OR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.87-0.96; per one cm increase).

Sensitivity analysis including GDP did not alter our conclusions in a practically significant way.

Highly significant positive correlations were found between agricultural biodiversity and NARs of calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, B6, C, folate, riboflavin, protein and energy, indicating the very strong relationship between dietary adequacy and biodiversity.

The LEI was 0.93 (95 % CI = [0.48, 1.38]) on average with an increasing trend among the age groups.

With regard to age group differences, the prevalence of hypertension, prostatitis and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases presented an increasing trend; while the proportion of LBFs who had reported no CPCs, a decreasing trend.

Although the BIC continued to increase when adding a sixth class (Additional file 1 : Table S1), the increase was now smaller and the LMR test was only borderline significant.

Previous analysis of hospital admissions for diabetes in Italy in different years has shown a decreasing trend from 2005 (13.7 per1000 inhabitants) to 2009 (12.0 per 1000 inhabitants).

Another explanation may include a possible trend in Canada toward middle class or wealthy populations living in older, more established neighbourhoods and homes.

A 6-year longitudinal cohort of Australian primary schoolchildren showed a trend for obesity to increase in the mid socioeconomic status group over the 6 years from 2007 to 2012 [ 39 ].

Analysis of DHS data from 14 countries between 1986–2003 suggests a decreasing trend in continued feeding in a majority of countries [ 6 ].

In addition, boys whose mothers and fathers both had chronic pain showed a trend toward greater social competence.

However, as we explored the impact of two different campaign themes at 3 lags and found one borderline significant result, it is also possible that the significant effect of campaigns with a second hand smoking theme at lag 1 may have arisen by chance, and our findings should be interpreted accordingly.

Although there is an increasing trend in the proportion of women who died in hospitals, in both surveys most women died at home (74 % in 2001 and 62 % in 2010).

When compared between the two surveys, the overall pattern of death rates shows a decreasing trend for almost all causes, except for deaths due to malignancy.

Their total physical activity was borderline significant, with slightly more activity in the high-income group (OR 1.36; 1.00–1.84), but no significant differences for work- and travel-related physical activity.

As expected, the results from these reviews show a clear trend towards an association between low SES and increased risk of obesity.

For coping planning, no substantial effect was found neither for time nor for the interaction of treatment and time, although the interaction term was marginally significant, F (1,239) = 2.96, p (2-tailed) = .045, η 2 = .01.

Statistical significance was set at P < .05 and P < .10 was considered to be marginally significant.

Women who had SHS exposure at home showed a significant trend ( p -trend <0.001) (data not shown).

Socioeconomic position, social relations, and not completing a secondary education Table 3 shows that young people from the lowest socioeconomic position families had approximately a 3-fold higher risk of not completing a secondary education compared to young people from the highest socioeconomic position families (Model 1), and a significant trend was seen across socioeconomic groups.

Among women, immigrants from Former Yugoslavia had significantly increased risk of stroke compared to ethnic Norwegians, and immigrants from South Asia had an excess risk that was borderline significant according to the confidence intervals.