The father's singing voice may impact premature infants' brain more than their mother's: A NICU single-arm exploratory study protocol and preliminary data on a singing and EEG framework based on the fundamental frequency of voice and kinship.

Despite these challenges, the potential impact of this study remains highly significant.

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Especially for the former result, underscoring that the facilitator’s role notably influences the variability and regularity of the EEG signals, we realized that, specifically, the ‘father’ facilitator was associated with the highest mean entropy (M = 0.684, SE = 0.133), while the ‘mother’ facilitator showed the lowest mean entropy (M = 0.558, SE = 0.133) (please see also Fig 6 ); although pairwise comparisons did not reach statistical significance (in all cases except the close to significance trend of the ‘father’ vs ‘mother’ comparison) after Bonferroni correction (please see Table 4 ).

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To further clarify these specific differences, post-hoc comparisons using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test were conducted as previously decided, revealing that Delta brain activity was significantly higher with the ‘Mother’ facilitator compared to ‘Elena’ (M = 575.92, p = 0.002), ‘Kyriakos’ (M = 409.96, p = 0.025), and ‘Father’ (M = 313.55, p = 0.085) – although for this latter coming quite close to being significant.

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