“nominally significant”

Out of the 55 VGF fragments quantified in our study, 27 were nominally significant in the association with cognitive decline while seven remained significant after adjustment of the p -values for multiplicity of hypothesis testing ( Fig. 7 ).

MR Results with an FDR greater than 0.05 but a p-value less than 0.05 were classified as nominally significant causal relationships, indicating potential emerging trends meriting further investigation.

Even though no individual rare variants in the MS4A gene cluster and ABCA1 have reached consistent statistical significance in association with the risk of AD, a higher, nominally significant burden of rare coding variants has been found in controls compared to AD in both cases.

However, since this association is nominally significant, the causal relationship should be interpreted with caution.

Our study also showed that ADHD increased the risk of ASD by 48%, and while an effect of ASD risk on ADHD did not emerge when SNPs attaining GWAS significance level were used as IVs, this relationship did emerged when nominally significant SNP were used, as has been previously reported [ 56 ].

All statistical analyses were conducted with STATA version 18 (StataCorp LLC; College Station, TX, USA), and a p ‐value <0.05 was considered nominally significant.

Nonetheless, a Bonferroni-corrected significant result was seen across all gene subsets for shorter stature, reduced chance of having a degree, and increased TDI; lower fluid intelligence, lower income, higher BMI, and an increased chance of being diagnosed with a child DD also remained nominally significant even in the 25 gene subset.

8 The exploratory nature and the lack of statistical evidence (ie, nominally significant p values) of a treatment by history of ASCVD interaction limits our conclusions on this subgroup analysis.

We confirmed nominally significant association with kidney function at the CUX1 , PTPRN2 and SEPTIN9 locus and with kidney function decline at AFF3 , HDAC4 and SEPTIN9 regions.

A p -value between 0.017 and 0.05 was considered as nominally significant.

None of the nominally significant CNVRs overlapped with any SNP listed as being significant at any level by three previous large GWAS on cognitive ability [8] , [9] , [10] .

The STARD10 islet exon-eQTL, for example, was not even nominally significant in any of nine GTEx tissues.

Bonferroni corrected p-values (nominally significant p-values were multiplied by the number of comparisons) less than the level of significance 0,05 were considered significant and are reported.

In the MR analysis, we identified putative causal associations of BMI on IL-6 levels and IL-6 on asthma risk in children after multiple testing, whereas the association of IL-6 with adult onset asthma was nominally significant (Fig. 6 ).

Only in the GAIN study did the authors report that controls with depressive symptoms were excluded from their analyses and they reported a nominally significant association between rs4333 and major depression in the same direction as ours 17 but in the reverse direction to that of Baghai et al. 12 Our data highlights the importance of controlling for lifetime major depression in the whole sample, as well as taking into account the potential for current depressive symptomatology in the control group.

When EA and BE cases were combined into a single case group and compared to the same set of controls, all three of these variants were highly-ranked among the set of 31 nominally significant SNPs ( S7 Table ), and two of the three (rs7526812 T>C, rs12534337 G>A) had smaller P values than observed in the individual analyses, without reaching Bonferroni or FDR significance thresholds. rs1644730 T>A is located within a predicted miR-630 binding site in the 3’UTR of all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase 8 ( RDH8 ), which encodes a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase enzyme involved in rhodopsin regeneration in the vision pathway.

However, the diagnosis-by-sex interaction was only nominally significant and did not survive correction across the 14-gene panel; this pattern should therefore be regarded as hypothesis-generating rather than as a confirmed sex-specific effect.

The nominally significant difference between early- and delayed-treatment groups was maintained at each time point, demonstrating that the effect of tolvaptan on slowing renal function decline in TEMPO 3:4 was maintained for an additional 2 years in TEMPO 4:4 (3.15 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , P < 0.001), (Figure 3 ).

Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes were found to have nominally significant associations with the retinal age gap.

As per the recommendation of Benjamin and Berger ( 2019 ), we use an alpha level of .005 for statements of significance; p -values between .005 and .05 are referred to as “nominally significant” or “suggestive”.

Increases in HDL-C were observed for all subgroups except two (subjects receiving atorvastatin 10 mg and 20 mg with systolic blood pressure <130 mm Hg [diastolic <85 mm Hg], n = 11 and 21, respectively) and most changes were nominally significant.

Secondary outcomes with P < 0.0083 were considered statistically significant; those with 0.0083 ≤ P < 0.05 are reported as nominally significant but not conclusive and should be interpreted as exploratory. 2.7.3 Aggregation for satisfaction Satisfaction scores were aggregated per individual rater before between-group comparison, using the mean score across all cases for each rater.

Of the various repeat alleles, only the 11 repeat allele showed a nominally significant overrepresentation in BD patients compared to controls ( p nom = 0.009).

Associations with p values up to 0.006 (0.05/8) were considered statistically significant, while p values between 0.006 and 0.050 were considered nominally significant.

Based on unadjusted p -values, several nominally significant correlations were observed.