“nominally significant”

A total of 205 risk factor associations were found to be nominally significant ( p < 0.05).

Although no individual lipid species remained significant after Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate correction, the lipid alterations showed systematic class-level trend which was significant for several lipid classes under Fisher’s combined probability test (as seen in Figure 1 ), and therefore, species-level results are still reported as nominally significant (unadjusted p < 0.05).

For example, consider a pathway which displays enrichment when all variants are considered ( P < 1), versus a pathway which only displays enrichment when nominally significant variants are included ( P < 0.05).

We found nominally significant correlations between nausea (SSQ) and Path-Choice (r s = 0.26, p < 0.05), between sensory fidelity (PQ3) and Path-Choice (r s = 0.30, p < 0.05), between interface quality (PQ3) and Fishing (r s = 0.26, p < 0.05), and between somatic concerns (ASI) and Fishing (r s = 0.26, p < 0.05), but none survived correction for multiple testing.

Nominally significant findings ( P < .05) that did not meet these thresholds were reported cautiously.

A nominally significant association was observed between survival and the DPP4 enzymatic activity at day 1 (p<0.05), with a higher DPP4 activity being associated with an increase in survival.

Results: Among the 5 subjects, there were 132 nominally significant correlations (p< 0.05) between mRNA expression and MRI activity.

Exploratory pathway enrichment analyses based on nominally significant proteins ( p < 0.05) from the iciHHV‐6 proteomic models are summarized in Figure S2 (Supplementary materials 8 ) and detailed in Appendix V .

236 (68.6%) of these 344 CpGs were nominally significant ( p < 0.05) in our study, while 22 (6.4%) remained significant after accounting for the multiple tests of the replication effort ( p < 0.05/344 ~ 0.0001) (Table 2 ).

After harmonizing the exposure and outcome alleles and conducting MR analysis, nominally significant associations were detected using the IVW method ( P < .05), with consistent trends observed in the WM and MR-Egger methods.

By removing each SNP from the MR analysis sequentially, if the association is no longer nominally significant ( P > 0.05) with the SNP removed, this indicates that a particular SNP is driving the association.

Notably, 11 loci exhibited nominally significant ( P < 0.05) association with IGCTs: CLPTM1L , PITX1 , SPRY4 , TNXB , two loci of BAK1 , KATNA1 , DEPTOR , GAB2-NARS2 , HNF1B , and TKTL2 (Fig. 4 ; Supplementary Data 1 ).

To detect excess significance bias, the Ioannidis test was used to examine whether the observed number of original studies with nominally significant ( p < 0.05) results (O) was larger than the expected number of original studies with nominally significant results (E) at α = 0.05.

The excess statistical significance test will also be used which determines whether the observed number of studies with nominally significant results ( p < 0.05) is larger than their expected number [ 70 , 71 ].

For 15 out of 57 associations we found a cis -SNP with a nominally significant interaction QTL after Bonferroni correction across tested SNPs ( p <0.05; Supplementary Table S3 ).

Candidate gene approach None of the imputed variants previously reported as gait speed candidate genes such as ACE , ACTN3, COMT and APOE reached a nominally significant (p<0.05) threshold ( Supplementary Table 3 ).

There was predominantly a candidate gene approach using common alleles, which despite small sample sizes (median 93 [IQR 40–222]) with no trend to an increase over time, generated a high proportion (74.5%) of nominally significant (p<0.05) reported associations suggesting the possibility of significance-chasing bias.

Given the small sample size, this analysis was designed as an exploratory approach, where whilst no miRNA survived FDR corrections for multiple testing ( P adj > 0.05), nominally significant miRNAs ( P < 0.05) were examined to identify potential biomarker candidates.

Table 3 shows results for the interaction between all SNPs and medications that showed at least a nominally significant (p < 0.05) SNP* medication interaction, namely thiazides and loop diuretics.

For these sites, we thus see strongest evidence that methylation level correlates with educational attainment beyond effects of own smoking behaviour; however, we note that when taking all 58 top sites, effect sizes in never-smokers were strongly correlated with effect sizes in the entire population (r = 0.83), were in the same direction at 57 sites, and were at least nominally significant in never-smokers ( p < 0.05) at 27 sites (Fig. 2b ).

Of the 87 associations, 79 are with markers present in two or more populations and of these, 19 show nominally significant heterogeneity ( P < 0.05).

In total, 116 associations were identified to be associated with AF at the nominally significant level ( p < 0.05, Supplementary Table S4 ).

Nominally significant items/reasons (P < 0.05) are highlighted.

Nine (35%) reported nominally significant summary results at P < 0.05 (2 had P < 0.001).

DHX58 and SWAP70 showed protein‐level associations with CAD (FDR <0.05) and colocalization probabilities between 0.5 and 0.7, with nominally significant associations ( P <0.05, unadjusted) at the methylation and expression levels.