“highly significant”

Even though there were highly significant differences between the cfDNA of healthy and breast cancers (p-value = 6.278e-07) and healthy and ovarian cancers (p-value = 2.708e-11), on the individual levels there were many overlapping cfDNA values between cancer-free individuals and cancer patients.

A simple regression model of the relationship was highly significant (p = 6.32e-07) with an R-square of 0.797.

Moreover, age-adjusted partial correlation analysis between relative abundance of Faecalibacterium during infancy and the number of older siblings revealed that this association was highly significant (rho = 0.23; P = 6.4 × 10 −7 ; n = 482).

This demonstrated a highly significant difference in the distribution of PD (right-shifted) in high CRP (> 3 mg/L) versus low CRP (< 3 mg/L) depression cases (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, P < 6.4 × 10 −7 ) and between high CRP depresssed cases and controls (Fig. 1A ).

Regression analyses of the log-transformed ratio of archaeal to bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies indicated a highly significant and inverse relationship with pH ( β =−0.22, adjusted R 2 =0.29, P =6.42 x 10 −7 ; Supplementary Figure S1 ) but no significant correlation with temperature ( β =0.00, adjusted R 2 =−0.01, P =0.83).

The three major effect regions on chromosomes Vu02, Vu08 and Vu10 that displayed highly significant associations for aphid resistance were represented by peak SNPs 2_24304 [−log (p) = 6.19], 2_22525 [−log (p) = 10.37] and 2_43876 [−log (p) = 13.19, respectively ( Table 3 , Supplementary Materials Table S2 ).

With normality satisfied, the paired t-test shows a highly significant change: p = 6.48 × 10 −7 .

This difference was highly significant (Fisher’s exact test, p=6.50×10 - 7), with an odds ratio of 0.106 (95% CI (0.038, 0.281)), indicating that the odds of a positive biopsy were approximately 90% lower in patients with a confounding cancer (Table 2 ).

3a ), we first carried out multinomial logistic regressions, which revealed a highly significant interaction ( p = 6.5 × 10 −7 ; likelihood ratio test) between compartments (i.e., bush, psyllid, orchard) and regions (i.e., PO, BR, VA).

The difference in social class between reproducing and nonreproducing trees was highly significant (Mann–Whitney U test, U = 5,308, p = 6.5 × 10 ‐7 ).

This correlation of function with polymorphism is highly significant for HLA-A ( p = 6.52 x 10 −7 ) and HLA-B ( p = 1.18 x 10 −6 ), but less so for HLA-C ( p = 0.0124) (2 x 2 Fisher’s Exact test).

Our custom pathway enrichment (comprising Gene Ontology and KEGG databases) analysis of the impacted genes within the CNV breakpoints of all pathogenic deletions identified “ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity (GO:0019787),” “negative regulation of cell death (GO:0060548),” and “vesicle-mediated transport in synapse (GO:0099003)” pathways to be highly significant (FDR p < 6.53 × 10 −7 , FDR p < 7.2 × 10 −6 , and FDR p < 7.1 × 10 −5 ) after correction for multiple tests ( Figure 3A ).

5 ). Among the cellular component categories, the integral component of membrane (GO:0016021) represented a highly significant ( P = 6.81e-7) and large category, with 153 candidate genes included (Fig. 4 ).

16 out of these 17 pathways were also amongst the 24 pathways significantly upregulated (FDR < 0.01) when comparing participants with ILA to that without ILA (Additional file 6 : Table S5), a highly significant overlap (hypergeometric test; p < 7 × 10 –7 ).

It segregates within the Swiss Holstein population at an allele frequency of 5% and shows a highly significant deviation from HWE (p = 0.0000007) based on a Chi-square test (Table S6 ).

Interestingly, while the univariate analysis of HDL was also highly significant ( p = 7 × 10 -7 ), no other univariate traits met even a loose definition of association at these SNPs.

Strikingly, ~70% of our factors overlapped with these datasets 11 , 37 – 40 ( Figure S2D ), a highly significant enrichment ( P -value ≈ 7.0 × 10 −7 ) relative to the expected background.

The previous report of an association between rs2910164 and papillary TC risk found a highly significant association between rs2910164 heterozygosity and disease (p=7×10 −7 , OR=1.62, 95% CI 1.3 to 2.0); unusually, both homozygote genotypes were protective. 4 We tested this model in our data and failed to replicate an association between rs2910164 heterozygosity and TC risk (p=0.784; supplementary table 3).

The association in the replication stage remained highly significant, however, even after excluding these two studies ( P =7.1×10 −7 ).

Table S2 shows that the odds ratio (OR) increased from 0.8851 to 0.9323, and the corresponding p -values changed from highly significant ( p = 7.15 × 10 −7 ) to non-significant ( p = 0.136), implying that the relationship between DASH score and HTN may be partially mediated by obesity.

Even with this stringent criterion, we detect highly significant bias towards LSS activation compared to adSS 3n (p = 7.2 × 10 −7 , one-sided Fisher’s exact test) upon NCL knockdown.

The Buchnera of two aphid lines (TUC and 5AR) showed highly significant up-regulation of ibpA and ψyjeA following heat treatment (25–42-fold increase, p < 7.26 × 10 −7 , and 13–25-fold increase, p < 2.14 × 10 −11 , respectively).

Nevertheless, comparison of the resulting estimates for protein abundance ( Figure 6 and Table III ) revealed a highly significant agreement (Pearson's R 2 =0.590, P =0.727E−06).

Intriguingly, we found a highly significant correlation of this measure with our previous GWAS enrichment P -values (Spearman rho = 0.44, P < 7.3 × 10 − 7 ).

Again, the Ribosome pathway was the most highly significant, with a p-value that would survive multiple comparisons correction (p = 7.38 × 10 -7 , see Supplementary Table 2 and Fig. 2 B).