“an overall trend”

Umbrella reviews can indeed identify an overall trend, pattern, and consensus in the area of different research landscapes that may not be apparent from a single review.

The photo-assisted antimicrobial toxicity of this series of compounds had an overall trend similar to the toxicity without light illumination ( Tables 1 and 3 ).

For instance, in the agricultural drift model, there is potential for aggregation bias because we evaluated only an overall trend, rather than pesticide/study-specific trends.

Accounting for the true scaling relationship, we document dramatically varying rates of relative brain mass evolution across the mammalian phylogeny, and we resolve the question of whether there is an overall trend for brain mass to increase through time.

There was no significant difference in tumor size of those without and with mesenteric root infiltration (median sizes of 6.8 vs 12.8 cm, P = 0.097), although there was an overall trend for larger tumors to infiltrate the mesentery.

During both the light and dark phases, aged Bmal1 cKO mice exhibited an overall trend towards prolonged sleep–wake cycling.

Here, we find a weakly positive trend in governmental trust, suggesting that the effect of the vaccine announcement does not simply pick up on an overall trend in the outcome variable during the studied time period.

A difference term, which subtracts a previous value from each observation, may also be used to fit an overall trend, but we found this was not needed for this full set of hourly averaged flux data.

In 2016–2022, the distribution curve of three-dimensional kernel density in central China shows an overall trend of “two peaks”, with the main peak on the left and the secondary peak on the right, and the ductility of the main and secondary peaks shrinks, indicating that although there is still a trend of agglomeration in the efficiency of rural industrial integration in central China, the gap of the efficiency of rural industrial integration between central China’s regions has been narrowing, which contributes to the common development of rural industrial integration in central China.

Categorical baseline variables were summarized as percentages and numbers in each of the three treatment groups and an overall trend was tested by using the chi-squared test for trend.

Conclusions The effect found in this study was significant at the 0.10 level, however, we observed an overall trend toward a stronger symptom reduction in almost all subtypes of NS and a small, yet clinically substantial effect size as judged by Levine and Leucht [ 45 ], equaling 15.27% of symptom reduction in overall NS.

We began with a maximal model that included: (1) a time variable ( t , weeks since the beginning of the study) to test for an overall trend; (2) sine and cosine components to test for seasonality [ 35 ]; (3) an interaction between t and the seasonal components to test for variation in the amplitude of the seasonal cycle; and (4) weekly survey effort (i.e. number of hours with at least one observer in the water).

There was an overall trend of improvement in all the tests, except the lesion volume which increased significantly.

Regarding the variation with age, we found an overall trend of increasing FTM concentrations across life stages in both sexes, with the highest concentrations observed in elderly elephants ( Fig. 3 ).

The average habitat quality values for the four periods in the lake basin of central Yunnan were 0.610, 0.661, 0.685, and 0.676, respectively, showing an overall trend of first increasing and then decreasing, with peak habitat quality reached in 2010.

In spite of an overall trend toward increasing global temperatures, climate models forecast more variable weather.

Discussion From an overall trend perspective, findings showed that maximum stress of the MPFN models was lower than those of the PFNA and InterTAN models, and maximum displacement was smaller for the MPFN models than those of the PFNA and InterTAN models under axial, bending, and torsion loads.

In 2022, the NH 4 + -N concentration showed an overall trend of C > CK, with the peak occurring 3 days after fertilization and reaching its lowest point at 7 days ( Figure 11 ab).

At NH scale, there is an overall trend towards later ice freeze (~0.57 days/decade) and earlier ice breakup (~0.63 days/decade) 6 .

This is part of an overall trend exhibited by many species recognised as agricultural and environmental weeds, where the widespread use of this herbicide is driving not only the evolution of individual weed species but is also affecting the ecological relationships between weed species 13 – 16 .

When SB was replaced by other movement behaviors, there was an overall trend of decreasing depression scores in older adults, with the strongest health effect when it was replaced by MVPA, suggesting that reducing the amount of time SB is used may be an important way to effectively intervene in older adults’ depression.

There was an overall trend of improving health behaviours in the intervention group compared to the control group.

The ABTS radical scavenging capacity generally exhibited an overall trend of initial increase and then decrease during the storage period (Fig. 6 C).

At 40 h of growth in aflatoxin-inducing YES medium, we also observed an overall trend of down-regulation in the aflatoxin cluster.

It can be seen the GABA in foxtail millets showed an overall trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the prolongation of soaking time, reaching the maximum value of 159.90 mg/kg at soaking for 4 h.