Excerpts

Pairwise group comparisons using Fisher’s exact test revealed a highly significant difference in the morphology of EVs between patients with GBA1-PD carrying the p.L444P and p.N370S mutations ( p = 1.37 × 10 −9 ).

coli presence was highly significant ( p -value = 1.39E-09), the effect was very small.

Enrichment analysis (Fisher's exact test using Gene Ontology terms) of those genes with increased expression revealed highly significant enrichment in genes with the terms ‘cell cycle’ (45 genes, enrichment p = 1.4E-9), ‘kinetochore’ (8 genes, p = 1.5E-6), ‘pericentric chromosome-binding’ (10 genes, p = 3.4E-6), ‘DNA replication’ (17 genes, p = 6.0E-6), and ‘DNA-binding’ (103 genes, p = 0.0001), whereas analysis of the genes that were decreased revealed enrichment in genes with the terms ‘membrane-binding’ (391 genes, p = 9.8E-12), ‘integral-to-membrane’ (333 genes, p = 5.1E-9), ‘lysosomal’ (24 genes, p = 1.2E-5), and ‘golgi apparatus’ (29 genes, p = 0.0001) (a complete list of the terms is in Figure S2 ).

Indeed, χ 2 tests for independence revealed that there is a highly significant dependence of APOE genotype and litter across the entire 3-month-old dataset (χ 2 =82.7, d.f.=20, P =1.4×10 −9 ), as well as within only male samples (χ 2 =43.1, d.f.=14, P =8.2×10 −5 ) and within only female samples (χ 2 =39.3, d.f.=14, P =3.0×10 −4 ).

This association between IVIG resistance and CAL development was highly significant (Fisher's exact p = 1.4×10 −9 ).

A likelihood ratio test comparing the two separate models to the same structure fitted to the combined 5L3L + 3L5L sample gives a highly significant rejection of the hypothesis of equal parameters ( χ 2 (20) = 84.4, p = 1.4 × 10 −9 ).

The proposition of interparalog recombination implied in this graphical representation is supported by a highly significant result in the PHI test of recombination, which examines the patterns of incompatibility between closely linked parsimony informative sites ( p < 1.4 × 10 −9 ; Bruen et al. 2006 ).

pdb: 1yzf ) with highly significant p-values (p = 1.4 × 10 -9 ).

The difference between control and affected slopes was highly significant (Z = 5.9401, p = 1.43E-09).

The distributions of survival times of all Mss1 and all Mss7 rats, respectively, showed highly significant differences to the Kaplan-Meier curve of BDIX rats as judged from the log rank test ( P = 1.5 × 10 −9 and 2.8 × 10 −6 , respectively; see Figure 2A ).

These differences underscore a highly significant excess in AD risks for the higher‐risk CompGs compared to the lower‐risk CompGs in NHWs, for example, 59% ( p = 1.50 × 10 −9 ) for the 1XY+2XY CompG.

20 The functional enrichment of this interaction network was highly significant ( p = 1.55 × 10 –9 ), indicating that more interactions among gene products are found here than would be due to chance alone with a similarly sized group of gene products in the S. aureus genome.

Among the targets of E2F8, 17 were present in the LP gene expression module (total 115 genes), including Gjb2 , Tmem150a , Wfdc2 , Maged1 , a statistically highly significant enrichment ( p = 1.68E-09 in a hypergeometric test) (Supplementary Fig. 13a ).

In testing for the association of loss-of-function variants with fungal burden, the most highly significant variant was a frameshift in the phosphofructokinase gene, CNAG_06033 (pfkB) (GEMMA score test, P = 1.69E−09).

Extending our analysis to groups of functionally related proteins, we find statistically significant associations for gap junction proteins, connexins, which show a highly significant connection to hyperkeratosis ( Supplementary Table S5 , P = 1.7 × 10 −9 ).

While no association with AER was seen in the patients reaching the current recommended treatment target of an HbA 1c ≤ 7.0% (N = 304, β [95% CI] = −0.017 [−0.137–0.101], p = 0.78), the association was highly significant ( p = 1.7 × 10 −9 ) in the patients with an HbA 1c > 7.0% (N = 2560, β [95% CI] = 0.17 [0.117–0.230]).

Notably, the difference in correlation values between these random condition and those described above is highly significant (Wilcoxon's P -value <1.7e−9).

The aggregate brain and nonbrain measurements showed a poor but highly significant correlation (Spearman’s rho = 0.21, P = 1.78 × 10 −9 ; Fig. 2c ).

The greenyellow (774 genes) showed a highly significant positive correlation (r = 0.93, p = 1.79 × 10 −9 ).

Using a Fisher’s Exact test this enrichment is highly significant (4.5% vs. 0.6%; P = 1.8 × 10 −9 ).

Using logistic regression with the GDP term reduced the deviance from 114.0 (df = 28) to 29.2 (df = 27), a highly significant improvement in fit (p = 1.8E-9).

As expected given the mesodermal origin of microglial cells 40 , we found highly significant associations between microglial cell-specific genes with the top 25% values of dN/dS and immune system-related GOs (χ 2 = 36.048, p = 1.92 × 10 –9 ), in agreement with previous reports of enrichment of immune system-related genes in microglial cells 41 .

This important analysis showed that the same Cox model of TMB/IFNγRes/MacReg is highly significant in the association analysis of survival of patients with advanced disease (log-rank p = 1.94E−09) (Additional file 1 : Table S6).

The interaction index of the cocultures without PTHrP treatment and the GAG ratio of monoculture NC to monoculture BMSC showed a highly significant Pearson’s r coefficient of 0.79 × 10 –9 ( p -value = 1.99 × 10 –9 ; Figure 1E ).

A Gene Ontology (GO)-based over-representation analysis using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) shows a highly significant greater than threefold enrichment of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity ( p = 2 × 10 −9 , Additional file 2 : Table S2).