Excerpts

The concentrations of TN, NH 4 + -N, NO 3 − -N, TP and PO 4 3− in paddy fields, drainage ditches and ponds showed a decreasing trend from paddy fields to drainage ditches and ponds.

This suggests that Western economies, particularly the United States and Germany, have achieved a higher degree of capital digitalization, while China still relies more heavily on non-digital capital, although a clear trend toward digital intensification is evident.

Zeta potential measurements revealed a decreasing trend with increasing phycoerythrin concentration.

In contrast, laccase and tyrosinase activities followed an increasing trend over time.

Analysis of landscape pattern indices at landscape level As shown in Table 7 , the landscape pattern indices in the Kashgar region, including patch density (PD), largest patch index (LPI), landscape shape index (LSI), edge density (ED), and shannon’s diversity index (SHDI), generally increased from 1980 to 2023, while the contagion index (CONTAG) demonstrated a decreasing trend over the same period.

Importantly, the strong correlation between class 1 integrons ( int I1) and flo R, alongside near-significant associations with cml A and ere A, reinforces the role of integrons as major drivers of multidrug resistance dissemination in poultry-associated Salmonella .

In our acid tolerance assays, we observed a clear trend of reduced viability in the presence of acidic environments.

Availability of active adsorption sites, the adsorption capacity (qe) showed a decreasing trend.

In the overall group comparisons, M(+) treatments significantly reduced DS compared with M(–) groups, whereas S(+) treatments showed a decreasing trend in DS relative to S(–) groups, although this effect was not statistically significant.

The removal of harmful nitro compounds from environments integrating nitroreductase enzymes is highly significant for future research.

As indicated in Table 7 , the significance levels (P values) and standardized path coefficients (Std) reveal that all P values are highly significant at the 0.001 level.

7 , the anti-washout performance of the grouting materials generally exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing replacement ratio of shield muck, with a particularly pronounced decline observed when the replacement ratio exceeded 40%.

Studies investigating changes in the functional parameters of the respiratory system have revealed a significant trend toward gradual improvement over time 28 , 29 .

Losses became highly significant at greater ash levels, with M25 MWIA-30 and M25 MWIA-40 declining by 29.75% and 31.65%, respectively.

As the offset distance increases, the amount of roof subsidence shows a decreasing trend; the reduction in roof subsidence at an offset distance of 12 m is the greatest compared to that at an offset of 6 m, with a decrease of 42.6%.

In general, when the external offset distance of the mining roadway is 18 m, the stress on the surrounding rock on the left side of the roadway is the greatest, reaching 11.87 MPa and 8.72 MPa on the right side; When the external offset distance mining roadway is 24 m, the stress on the left side of the roadway begins to decrease, peaking at 11.048 MPa, while stress begins to concentrate on the coal pillar on the right side and shows an increasing trend, peaking at 10.5 MPa.

The C values for Monitoring Points 1 to 5 were 0.935, 0.872, 0.699, 0.611, and 0.583, respectively, exhibiting a decreasing trend.

All the groups exhibited an increasing trend in RBA, LZY, and MPO levels in the post-challenge condition, compared to pre-challenge, and these values were significantly different (P < 0.05).

Preliminary experiments conducted with alternative chaotic maps did not yield practically significant improvements in classification accuracy.

While mean convergence curves averaged over multiple independent runs can provide an overall trend, such representations may smooth out informative search behaviors and obscure distinctive convergence characteristics of population-based metaheuristic algorithms.

If θ > 0, the variable exhibits an increasing trend, whereas θ < 0 indicates a decreasing trend.

The peak load follows an increasing trend, reaching a maximum of 677 N at 0.5 wt%, which is more than double that of the CNT-free specimen.

However, a statistically significant decline was observed between 2019 and 2024, suggesting a decreasing trend in Microsporidia MB prevalence over time.

The energy yield exhibits a decreasing trend with increasing discharge time.

Air permeability The impact of hydrogel concentration on air permeability is evident, with a clear trend: higher chitosan hydrogel concentrations lead to reduced air permeability across all nonwoven fabric types, as illustrated in Fig. 6 .