Excerpts

The concentration of NH 4 + -N in groundwater in 2023 showed a trend of CCD > CKCD.

By increasing the biochar input from 1% to 3%, plant height showed an increasing trend compared to control, consistent with the study of Chen et al.

Specifically, Leaf_N.P demonstrated a highly significant positive correlation with Leaf_C.P, whereas Litter_C.N displayed a highly significant positive correlation with Litter_C.P.

BC and WV Applications Affect Plant Enzyme Activities The single application of BC showed that plant peroxidase (POD) exhibited an initial decline and then an increasing trend.

High-dose BC, applied alone or in conjunction with WV, showed a decreasing trend in soil effective phosphorus during the experimental period compared with CK.

The low-dose BC1 applied alone and the WV treatment both showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing during the experimental period.

Plant Growth and Nutrients Uptake The citrus dry biomass underground and aboveground in the Cu 108 treatment was higher than that in the Cu 38 treatment, while a decreasing trend was observed in the Cu 388 treatment compared to the Cu 38 treatment ( Figure 1 A,B).

The GWAS revealed a highly significant association of resistance with PB on chromosomes 6 and 18, for the IBS 333 and IBS 327 isolates, respectively.

Over the course of the months, both tree height and ground diameter showed an increasing trend with month ( Figure 2 ), in which the tree height and ground diameter in June and August were significantly higher than those in November 2020 ( p < 0.05).

Soil Characteristics According to Table 1 , the distance to the shoreline and month had highly significant effects on soil water content, salinity, and pH, but not on soil bulk density ( Table 1 ).

However, previous studies have reported a decreasing trend or no significant changes in fungal community diversity with increasing altitude [ 43 ].

However, the results showed that the fungal Shannon index showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, with significant differences between the Shannon index at 530 m, 850 m, and 1400 m ( p < 0.05).

The bacterial Shannon index did not show an obvious trend along the altitude gradient and was only significantly different from other altitudes at 340 m ( p < 0.05).

Global Moran’s I analysis indicated that the distance to the mainland (DM) (Moran’s I = 0.90, p < 0.001) has highly significant spatial autocorrelation.

Across the globe, there is a clear trend of leaf characteristics escalating in tandem with rising temperatures [ 18 , 19 ], which implies that temperature plays a pivotal role in the diversification of leaf traits [ 20 ].

LA was largest in the sclerophyllous evergreen broad-leaved forests and smallest in the alpine scree sparse vegetation, showing a decreasing trend with elevation, while LT first decreased and then increased with the elevation of the vegetation belt.