Excerpts

Regarding stem diameter, except for AL and DF310, the other four cultivars (ZM3, ZL2, QJ, and GN4) showed a decreasing trend under DS, with reductions of 15.75% (ZM3), 46.42% (ZL2), 14.19% (QJ), and 36.19% (GN4).

In most of our samples, as well as in the average values, a clear trend in biflavonoid concentrations was observed: amentoflavone < bilobetin < ginkgetin < isoginkgetin < sciadopitysin, which is consistent with literature data [ 14 , 28 ].

Moreover, CM17-2 exhibited highly significant differences from B73 in plant height, internode length, and ear height, and a significant difference in stem diameter.

Despite the absence of an overall trend, substantial variability was observed among clones, suggesting strong genotype-specific responses.

We verified that the heartwood diameter growth rate shows an increasing trend throughout the stand’s development.

Both observed and simulated values showed a decreasing trend with increasing irrigation-water salinity (I0–I4).

In recent years, with the expansion of sugarcane planting scale and the frequent circulation of seedlings, SCWLD has shown an increasing trend of occurrence on Hainan Island, posing a serious threat to the sugarcane industry.

viticola infection, photosynthetic parameters of grapevines are significantly inhibited, manifested as marked decreases in net photosynthetic rate ( P n ) and transpiration rate ( T r ), while intercellular CO 2 concentration ( C i ) shows an increasing trend [ 26 ].

Both CO 2 GWP and N 2 O GWP exhibited an increasing trend with higher nitrogen application rates, with the N3 treatment showing average increases of 47.35% and 163%, respectively, compared with the N0 treatment.

Over the two growing seasons, the average CH 4 emission flux ranged from −0.24 to 0.02 mg·m −2 ·h −1 , and showed a decreasing trend with an increasing nitrogen application rate and aggravated water deficit.

In most cases these differences were highly significant, with the Blue group clearly dominating over the Red, Green and Orange groups.

In our study, with increasing concentration of each phenolic acid, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT) and the contents of MDA and Pro in Coix leaves showed an increasing trend when comparing 1000 mg/L with CK ( Table 3 ; Figure 7 ).

Phenolic acids also altered the composition of leaf metabolites, with most differential metabolites showing a decreasing trend after phenolic acid addition.

Pathogenicity assessment of 53 selected isolates from various hosts and geographic origins on detached fig shoots demonstrated highly significant variability in aggressiveness among isolates originating from different host species and geographically distinct regions.

A positive trend between effective concentration and particle size was observed, consistent with the generalized analysis ( Figure 4 c); however, this relationship did not reach statistical significance (r 2 = 0.09).

Root-to-crown ratio (R/S, Figure 3 b) generally showed a decreasing trend from the jointing–booting stage to the milky stage; SACI maintained a high R/S (0.142) at the milky stage, which was significantly higher than that of FMCG (0.119) and CK (0.127).

To evaluate the significance of the differences between groups, a standard ANOVA test was performed ( Table 3 ), which indicated a highly significant global difference (F = 9.233, p = 1.66 · 10 −5 ).

Alkaline phosphatase activity showed a decreasing trend under some treatments, which may be related to the reduced demand for phosphatase secretion by microorganisms and plants after the increase in soil-available phosphorus.

In contrast, while IAA priming elicited a positive trend in germination under acidic stress, the improvement failed to attain statistical significance ( Figure 10 ).

The results revealed that genotype effects were highly significant for PEL n , PEL GA3 , PEL GSI , and PEL D , confirming extensive genetic diversity for GA 3 sensitivity ( Supplementary Table S1 ).

In Zone III (100–150 mm), overall, as soil depth increases, the silt content showed a trend of first decreasing and then fluctuating; the very fine sand content showed a decreasing trend but remained relatively stable; the fine sand content fluctuates, exhibiting different patterns across different plantation ages and depths; the content of medium and coarse sand fluctuated significantly; the decrease in gravel content within Zone III plantations was relatively small, indicating that saxaul plantations in the moderate-precipitation zone cause minimal surface disturbance.

In contrast, the expression of these genes in the S genotype remained relatively stable or exhibited only slight, transient fluctuations, resulting in highly significant expression differences between S and R at later time points.

In terms of appearance quality, the chalky grain percentage and chalkiness degree showed a decreasing trend.

This demonstrates a clear trend: higher drip irrigation frequency leads to better water-saving effects.

The integration of multi-omics with traditional culture experiments is increasingly regarded as an important trend in plant endophyte research.