Although there is a strong trend in the industry towards replacing animal experiments with human cell-culture based models [ 109 , 110 ], there are no in vitro models of the human intestine that replicate the complex interplay between cell types and the regulation of the barrier function by the mucosal innate and adaptive immunity.
While a borderline significant weight increase was observed among underweight children, the intervention failed to have an impact on reducing waist circumference and BMI in overweight or obese mothers.
As reported by another study [ 42 ], in our study we also observed that low micromolar concentrations of RTX treatment showed a trend in increasing the proliferation of all cell lines, including the human normal primary dermal fibroblast cell line, but the increase was significant only for MDA-MB-468.
Several studies using functional biomarkers of vitamin B12 status showed a trend towards associations between poor vitamin B12 status in an ageing population and faster cognitive decline and risk of Alzheimer’s disease [ 169 ].
This study revealed a highly significant treatment effect of iron on fatigue, with an overall decrease of fatigue complaints of more than 60% [ 128 ].
When separating these results based on income economy type, there is a possible trend between lower SES and increased snacking in high-income economies.
In both models, the estimated coefficient is highly significant.
A recent meta-analysis including 22 studies (17 cohort plus 5 RCTs) and 8661 infants [ 149 ] showed a trend towards a protective effect of human milk against BPD, calling for larger RCTs the determine a definite answer, which would undoubtedly raise ethical questions given its proven benefits in other diseases of prematurity such as necrotizing enterocolitis.
The consumption of milk and dairy products is generally low among children in the Philippines with a decreasing trend with age [ 3 ].
Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium were also considered to be associated with prebiotic consumption and they were reported to show a decreasing trend under the influence of HFD [ 162 , 238 ].
This study also showed HBsAg had a decreasing trend with time but did not reach statistical significance.
Meta-analyses revealed no significant impact of the home visit platform, compared to usual care, on < 5 stunting (OR: 2.12; 95% CI: 0.46, 9.74; n = 3) and a nearly significant 7% decrease in the likelihood of < 5 underweight (OR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.82, 1.06; n = 4). 3.3.
The prevalence of overweight/obesity was lowest in those who were foreign-born and had been in the US for less than 1 year compared to the US-born (overweight or more: 23% vs 31.8%, obesity: 8.2% vs 16.9%, severe obesity: 2.9% vs 5.9%), with an increasing trend in foreign-born children who lived in US for more than 1 year (overweight or more: adjOR 1.38 (95% CI: 0.85–2.24), obesity: adjOR 1.80 (95% CI: 0.82–3.96), severe obesity: adjOR 1.36 (95% CI: 0.25–7.30)), suggesting that foreign-born children and adolescents are susceptible to the obesogenic environment of the USA with unhealthy dietary habits (high energy, sugar, and fat intake).
In this current research, we found a decreasing trend in NEMI throughout the individual pregnancy periods.
Among these genera, Alistipes showed a highly significant inverse association with body fat mass and was also inversely correlated to cholesterol levels and insulin resistance in our cohort.
[ 38 ] found that particular genetic variants (vitamin D single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) had nominally significant associations with both SBP and DBP.
The unsaponifiable fraction of the CBS fat is formed by compounds such as phytosterols, of which stigmasterol would be the predominant one, while cholesterol concentrations are almost insignificant when compared to those of cocoa beans [ 26 ].
HP treatment showed a trend towards an increase in the concentration of acetic acid in male mice.
Differences between the three CHO groups showed a trend towards statistical significance with lower total cholesterol levels in group 1 compared to the other two groups (group 2 vs. 1: 0.28 mmol/L, 95% CI −0.02 to 0.57 mmol/L, p = 0.066; group 3 vs. 1: 0.30 mmol/L, 95% CI −0.05 to 0.65 mmol/L, p = 0.086, Supplementary Figures S1A and S2B ).
In the UK study, the association of lower serum B12 with higher maternal BMI and insulin resistance was highly significant even after controlling for confounding effects of demographic and lifestyle factors.
Only high-density lipoprotein-associated cholesterol (cHDL) showed a slight trend towards better values in the control subjects, but as mentioned, the differences did not reach statistical significance.
Additionally, when stratified by dietary consumption, a significant association was observed between BMI categories and the odds ratio for experiencing climacteric symptoms; among subjects with increased consumption of dietary fat, subjects with overweight or obesity showed an increasing trend in the odds ratio for experiencing climacteric symptoms compared with those subjects at a normal weight, whereas the subjects with low consumption of dietary fat did not have an increased adjusted odds ratio for experiencing climacteric symptoms according to BMI categories.
The coefficient estimates of age showed a decreasing trend as BMI quantiles increased.
Likewise, we observed a significant trend for reduced fracture risk by higher aMED score in post-menopausal women (Q5 vs.
The number of participants was relatively low, particularly for the ICU subgroup comparisons; however, the differences in biomarker values between the patients and healthy controls were still highly significant. 5.