Excerpts

However, when the temperature increased to 1100 °C, the grain size showed a decreasing trend.

When heated at a rate of 5 °C/min, the volume fractions of the precipitated phases are 1.1%, 1.3%, and 1.5%, respectively, showing an increasing trend with temperature ( Figure 9 a–c).

Analyzing the mechanical properties, an increasing trend in flexural modulus and flexural strength can be observed, at the expense of decreasing values for Young’s modulus and tensile strength ( Figure 11 ).

The results indicate a clear trend: E corr shifts negatively and i corr increases with prolonged immersion.

As the content of TiB 2 particles increases in the alloy, the hardness of the as-extruded composites also shows an increasing trend, with values of 101 HV, 107 HV, and 116 HV, respectively.

For its part, the results from [ 47 ] show a positive trend in mortar strength development (W/C ratio 0.5) when 15% of cement clinker is replaced with BP waste with a reduction in particle size from 42 μm to 6 μm.

However, the colloids were completely aggregated until day 21, when a colloid dispersed back into the solution, so this was perhaps an anomaly rather than a reliable trend.

The difference between the means of the two samples (0.76 HRC) is small and, although statistically detectable, does not represent a practically significant difference.

As the solution temperature increased, the corrosion weight loss showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing.

As demonstrated in Figure 8 b, MPD demonstrates a highly significant correlation with BPN, with a fitted correlation coefficient (R 2 ) of 0.95, meaning that 95% of the variance in BPN is explained by MPD.

The clad layer depth exhibited a decreasing trend with rising WC content, diminishing from a maximum of 25 μm to 15 μm.

The statistical analysis in Figure 3 m demonstrates a clear trend of grain size reduction, with the average grain size decreasing from 3.04 μm to 1.30 μm, indicative of grain refinement.

In the elastic deformation stage, as the temperature increases, the elastic modulus of the conductor exhibits a decreasing trend, meaning that the material’s ability to resist elastic deformation weakens; entering the yielding and strengthening stage, the higher the temperature, the more significantly the yield strength and tensile strength of the conductor decrease, indicating a substantial reduction in the load-bearing capacity of the material at high temperatures.

In addition, the significance of each parameter is analyzed through univariate linear regression, and significant parameters and moderately significant parameters are preferentially selected for the establishment of a nonlinear model. 3.3.2.

The Ra values show a clear trend: the addition of natural modifiers increases surface roughness, which may influence functional properties such as gloss, interlayer adhesion, and resistance to soiling.

In contrast, the ion concentrations of Na + and Cl − show a decreasing trend.

pH and Ion Concentration Analysis As shown in Figure 6 a, the pH value of the surrounding water and the results of Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) tests on the CBPC cement after water freeze–thaw cycling treatment indicate that with an increase in the number of freeze–thaw cycles, the surface water pH value exhibits an increasing trend toward alkalinity.

Overall, in the first three fatigue healing tests, the fatigue life healing index showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, while in the last two fatigue healing tests, it changed slightly.

Under the same deformation rate, it can be clearly seen that the flow stress shows a decreasing trend with the increase of temperature.

From the results of the between-subjects effect test, it can be seen that the significance p -value of factor A, raw yarn material, is less than 0.001, indicating that yarn type has a highly significant effect on the fabric ABTS radical scavenging rate.

The average wear volumes of the T600, T650, and T700 samples are 1.50 ± 0.17 × 10 −3 mm 3 , 2.0 ± 0.2 × 10 −3 mm 3 , and 2.17 ± 0.15 × 10 −3 mm 3 , respectively, showing an increasing trend with higher tempering temperature.

A clear trend with fibre length is observed (≈ 3 mm > 6 mm > 10 mm), along with a length-dependent effect of fibre content: at 3 mm, increasing from 1 to 2 wt.% enhances σ y,c ; at 6–10 mm, higher content tends to provide no improvement or even reduce σ y,c .

The influence of fiber-inherent mechanical properties remained dominant, i.e., polyester was stronger as a synthetic fiber which resulted in the highest bursting strength followed by a decreasing trend towards the polyester/cotton blend and cotton.

In terms of tensile strength under flexural and splitting for both samples with and without polypropylene fibre addition, an increasing trend in this parameter was observed up to 100 °C (from 8.3 MPa to 9.6 MPa without fibres and from 10.6 MPa to 12.5 MPa with fibres), followed by an almost linear decrease down to 600 °C, reaching values of approximately 5.1 MPa (without fibres) and 5.5 MPa (with fibres).

Unlike the trend of aggregate crushing strength under the AC system, the aggregate compressive strength showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing with the increase in BB particle content under the CC system.