Excerpts

Tensile strength ( Figure 10 c): The tensile strength in the heat-treated state shows an increasing trend with the increase in Cu content, but the high-Cu samples slightly decrease while the low-Cu samples increase.

From Table 3 and Figure 4 , it is clear that the temperature difference in the casting is quite significant and is especially evident at the initial stage after pouring.

The resulting relationship (Equation (2)), presented in a surface and layer diagram ( Figure 9 ), shows the highly significant impact of the w / c ratio on concrete density, as well as the significant impact of the proportion of waste additive ( WP / c ).

Consequently, P r exhibits a decreasing trend with increasing heating/cooling rate at an annealing temperature of 550 °C and an increasing trend at 700 °C ( Figure 16 b).

In contrast, the 1 °C·min −1 curve exhibits a decreasing trend with increasing temperature, while the 7 °C·min −1 curve displays comparatively low values across all temperatures that increase slightly with temperature.

The calculated microstrain presented in Figure 12 c remains relatively independent of the temperature, apart from the 7 °C·min −1 curve, which shows a slightly increasing trend with rising temperature.

Moreover, there is an increasing trend in the incorporation of natural fibre-reinforced hybrids in the quest to find eco-friendly solutions without necessarily affecting mechanical performance [ 37 , 48 ].

In summary, with increasing foaming water content, the expansion ratios of all three asphalts exhibit an increasing trend, while the half-life generally decreases, indicating a clear inverse relationship between the two [ 46 ].

When the mixing water content exceeds 70%, the dry and wet indirect tensile strengths and ITSR generally show a decreasing trend.

This indicator is highly consistent with the macroscopic residual stress measured by XRD in physical connotation: both reflect the bulk average stress of the component rather than localized peak stresses, enabling a reliable trend-level correlation with conventional residual stress measurements.

Statistical significance of the analytical procedures, experimental validations, and influencing factors was evaluated using p -values, where values between 0.05 and 0.001 indicate significance, and values below 0.001 denote highly significant effects.

From Figure 5 b, at the lowest SiO 2 and HF contents, the proportion of flake-shaped Al 2 O 3 structures is maximum, whereas that of rod-shaped whiskers exhibits an increasing trend.

Analysis indicates that under different CFT durations and cycle frequencies, the instantaneous axial strain of the specimens exhibits an increasing trend with the increase in each stress level.

The absence of a decreasing trend in absorbance confirms that the concentration of the dye solutions remained unchanged due to non-catalytic factors.

The Young’s modulus ( E ) of the fibers also shows an increasing trend from 7.3 GPa to 17.2 GPa and then decreases to 13 GPa with the further increase in TiO 2 content.

Overall, the percentage elongation after fracture of the steel wires exhibits a decreasing trend characterized by a rapid initial decline followed by a slower decrease, which contrasts with the degradation pattern observed for strength. 3.4.

(6) Among the tested mixtures, appropriate ceramsite replacement showed a favorable trend in permeability grade and residual strength.

With increasing ceramsite content, both porosity and the associated total pore volume and total pore area exhibit an overall upward tendency, whereas the average pore size shows a decreasing trend.

It can be seen from the figure that with the increase in heating temperature, the equivalent diameters of carbides obtained by both processes show an increasing trend.

The compressive strength results, presented in Figure 1 a–c, demonstrate a clear trend: the incorporation of ABD as a cement replacement led to a reduction in compressive strength monotonically with increasing ABD replacement levels (0% to 50%) across all ages (3, 7, and 28 days).

The GDP replacement results demonstrated a clear trend of workability reduction proportional to the replacement level.

Within the 0.24–0.30 range, the 28 d compressive strength continued to follow a decreasing trend, declining from 50.2 MPa to 45.2 MPa.

The experimental results indicated that the influence of the W/B ratio on the mechanical properties of RHE-ECC exhibited a consistent pattern across different curing ages: strength decreased monotonically with increasing W/B ratio, while ductility showed an increasing trend.

Collectively, recent PPy antibacterial surfaces exhibit a clear trend toward multi-mechanism synergy—encompassing photothermal, electrical stimulation, NO release, and growth factor regulation—rather than being confined to singular contact killing.

Compared with CRA-2S, the penetration and ductility of CRA-2S4U, CRA-2S5U, and CRA-2S6U showed an increasing trend, while the softening point values of these samples continuously decreased.