Excerpts

Figure 9 illustrates the training dynamics of all models, showing that precision, recall, and mAP increase initially and then gradually stabilize, while the loss curves exhibit a decreasing trend followed by convergence.

Furthermore, the contents of various detected anthocyanins in purple flowers were significantly higher than those in white flowers, and showed an increasing trend from white flowers, weak light purple, light purple, purple to deep purple.

pruinosa leaves under different groundwater depth conditions showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing over time, showing significant seasonal differences ( Figure 3a ).

At 40 cm depth, RL again showed an increasing trend with duration, RD decreased progressively, and RSA and RV increased then decreased.

SOD and POD also demonstrated extremely significant correlations.Notably, POD showed a highly significant positive correlation with soluble sugars during the seedling stage, whereas no significant positive correlation existed between POD and soluble sugars during germination.

Most treatment groups exhibited an increasing trend in leaf length and width compared to the control, with the 0.3% urea treatment resulting in the maximum values for both traits.

Overall, the OF 30 and OF 45 treatments indicated a decreasing trend in NH 3 volatilization rates with higher substitution ratios, particularly during the mid-growth stage of maize, where the decrease was more pronounced.

However, after applying N2 or N3 level of urea, the enzyme activities showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of irrigation volume.

Meanwhile, excessive nitrogen application increases the risk of soil degradation, inhibits soil enzyme activities, and leads to a decreasing trend in organic matter content.

The average daily temperature during the 2024 and 2025 growth seasons generally showed an increasing trend followed by a decreasing one.

odorifera typically begins at 6–7 years of age, with heartwood diameter, heartwood area percentage, and heartwood-to-diameter ratio showing a highly significant positive correlation with tree age ( Chen et al., 2016 ).

Effect of FA-contamination on the shoot biomass yield The analysis of variance for the shoot weights of the plants showed a highly significant difference across species, treatments, and their interaction, as shown in Table 3 .

3 Result 3.1 Temporal trends in environmental factors A significant increasing trend in atmospheric CO 2 and a decreasing trend in stable carbon isotopic values of air were observed during 1980–2015.

3.2 Soil NO 3 − –N The soil NO 3 − –N significantly increased after N application and showed a decreasing trend with the N reduction in 0–40-cm soil ( Figure 4 ).

As a result, 33 out of the 1,052 DEMs were significantly different among the six groups of DEMs, and 25 DEMs showed a clear trend of gradient accumulation ( Figure 5D ; Supplementary Table S3 ).

During the growing season (June–October of the current year), climate-response sensitivity showed a decreasing trend with increasing decline severity.

Abundance changes in the core taxa (persistent species) still have indicative significance for overall community stability.

solanacearum did not rebound as expected; instead, it showed a trend of continued suppression.

STS application caused a highly significant increase in tuber amylose content, reaching a mean of approximately 32%, which was substantially higher than all other treatments.

The fungal network metrics in the root zone of Achyranthes bidentata remained stable, whereas significant changes were observed in Panax species: the node number in cultivated soils of Panax species generally showed an increasing trend, while connectivity in Panax notoginseng decreased by 31.1%-58.5%.

Topological analysis ( Supplementary Table 8 ) indicated that the bacterial networks in the root zones of Panax species exhibited higher connectivity density (0.016-0.034) and average degree (7.363-15.419), which showed a decreasing trend relative to uncultivated soil.

In addition, soil water content, WUE, N losses, N min, and soil bulk density all exerted highly significant effects on maize yield, among which N losses, WUE, and N min showed the greatest contributions, accounting for 33.5%, 28.4%, and 26.3%, respectively ( Figure 1D ).

Both fresh and dry weights of roots, stems, and leaves decrease exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing Cd concentration (Cd0 > Cd4 > Cd20).

Dry matter weight With a reduction in N application rate, the DMW at different growth stages and phases showed a trend of N100>N80>N60 ( Tables 3 , 4 ).

Furthermore, an increasing trend was observed in hypocotyls and leaves in response to both stresses.