Excerpts

Their findings, in turn, are corroborated by the almost insignificant gametoclonal variation (namely, variation in plant morphology) observed in our study in the di-haploid H. megalanthus lines in comparison with the donor plant: the only difference lay in the size of the floral organs (bud length and width) of the di-haploid lines, which was smaller than that of the tetraploids (Figures S3 , S4 ) These findings contrast with the wide variability in plant morphology reported for a di-haploid potato by Rousselle-Bourgeois and Rousselle ( 1992 ).

Changes in the concentrations of soluble sugars and transitory starch Leaf soluble sugars showed a trend of decreasing from 21:00 to 03:00 h in all studied species; however, the range of nighttime variations in soluble sugars content (maximum value – minimum value) in the C 4 grasses was greater than that in the C 3 grass (Figures 4A–C ).

Conclusions For the studied C 3 and C 4 grasses, δ 13 C l showed a decreasing trend from 21:00 to 03:00 h.

In contrast, when the Vrn genes were active (i.e., under the SD-NV conditions), the association with the major QTL 33 located on the linkage group 5A-2 in the same region as the Vrn-A1 locus was highly significant for all tillering traits (from 21 to 33%), except for RATE.

The identification of highly significant associations between the early sRNA expression pattern of seedlings and the trait MPH of GY that take shape at the end of the plants life cycle, indicates robustness of our findings.

We chose 15 markers that show interesting and highly significant differences between the conditions based on the significance level, the best projection of the PCA vector map in the dimension 2 and the total abundance.

Both growth chamber and field data showed a trend of decreasing hydraulic conductance and photosynthetic activity in aging soybean leaves (Locke and Ort, 2014 ), which was obviously associated with a reduced root water uptake rate.

oceanica seagrass meadows have declined by 4.1% with a decreasing trend of 11.2 ha/yr, while C. nodosa beds have increased by 17.7% with a gain trend of 18 ha/yr.

Overall, therefore, the area of seagrasses in the Thermaikos Gulf increased by 6.8% (474 to 506 ha) between 2011 and 2016, with an increasing trend of 6.8 ha/yr.

Conversely, dominant species among the successional stages expressed significant differences in C i with an increasing trend from PF to BF (Table 2 ).

The expression levels of the TGs in the AH population, except for CHROMATIN-REMODELING PROTEIN 11 ( CHR11 ), SEP1 , and TOPLESS ( TPL ), showed highly significant correlations between the two environments, and the Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0.266 to 0.925 (Table 1 ), indicating that the TGs' expression levels were differentially affected by different environments.

The genotypic effects were significant for all traits, and many traits showed highly significant correlations, ranging from 0.83 between grain yield and biomass to -0.67 between seed weight and seed emergence rate.

Nevertheless, the Mantel correlation ( r M = -0.69, p = 0.074) suggest an interesting trend between the genetic and the phenotypic traits ( Figure 7 ).

Anyway, we showed a trend that pea as preceding crop offers the opportunity for gaining some yield increase with a lower amount of N-fertilizer, which may contribute to lower greenhouse gas emission of sugar beet production.

Statistical comparisons between the control and treatment groups were conducted using Student's t -test or ANOVA, as well as Tukey's multiple comparisons test; p < 0.05 was considered significant, and p < 0.01 was considered highly significant.

There were highly significant correlations between ML and ER with Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.81 and 0.78 in boxes covered with 5 and 7 cm of soil, respectively.

The increase was smaller for BL (only ±0.4 cm) but highly significant.

Cis - and Trans -Effects for Transcripts in Aneuploids C1 and Cs1 Although MAAL C1 had an extra chromosome C1, it showed an extremely significant bias to down-regulated genes in comparison with RBR.

An ANOVA revealed that differences in genotypes, environments, and the interactions between genotype and environment were all highly significant (Table S2 ).

We found that, during aging, the difference in SOD and POD activity was extremely significant between the melatonin-pretreated group and the control group.

Although limited by the diversity of the control panel, the effects of the genotypic variances for most GMC traits were only marginally significant or insignificant, except for the Zn and Mn concentrations.

Significant differences between drought and control groups was first observed at time point D21 (ANOVA, p < 0.05, Supplementary Table 9 in Supplementary Presentation 5 ) and highly significant differences appeared since time point D22 (ANOVA, p -value ranging from 3.066E-06 to 0.019, Supplementary Table 9 in Supplementary Presentation 5 ).

When exposed to continuous heat treatment, the expression level of TaASRP1 showed a decreasing trend ( Figure 10 ).

However, the change in the intercellular CO 2 concentration (Ci) showed a trend opposite to that of Pn ( Figure 4E ).

In the analysis of variance for the three traits, highly significant variations for genotypes (G) and environments (E) and significant variation for genotype-by-environment interaction were found (Table 3 ).