Excerpts

A randomized controlled trial showed that the average phototherapy time required by infants receiving AP-32 was approximately 7 h less than that of the placebo group, and the CP-9 group also showed a trend of shortened treatment time ( Tsai et al., 2025 ).

Acidobacteria showed a decreasing trend in T2, with a relative abundance of 10.03%.

3.7 The relationship between soil physicochemical properties and MPs traits Through the correlation heat map, we can see that microplastic abundance has a highly significant negative correlation with SOC, NO 3 – -N, NH 4 + -N, TN, and Vector Length, and a highly significant positive correlation with soil water content, EC, AP, TP, and Vector Angle; for microplastic morphology, thin film-type MPs have the greatest impact on soil physicochemical properties, and with SOC,

Additionally, enzyme activity exhibits a decreasing trend with an increase in the number of mulching years, reaching its lowest value after 15 years of mulching.

Although both TP and AP in soil showed an increasing trend with the duration of mulching ( Table 1 ), the degree of P limitation continued to intensify.

Although some effects were borderline significance after adjustment, their consistent direction across multiple metrics suggests reproducible age- and sex-specific structuring of anellovirus communities in the absence of overt disease.

Still, lettuce irrigated with secondary-treated wastewater showed a trend toward higher prevalence and concentration of these genes compared with plants irrigated with potable or reclaimed water.

An increasing trend in species diversity with elevation, as observed in this study, is relatively uncommon ( McCain and Grytnes, 2010 ).

For instance, the dominant phylum, Proteobacteria , showed a decreasing trend, while Actinobacteria displayed a unimodal pattern and Acidobacteriota increased ( Supplementary Figure S3 ).

Although the ACE index exhibited a decreasing trend in the MNN-treated group, the difference was not statistically significant.

The Shannon index decreased in the YS group from day 7, showed an increasing trend in the YD group, first decreased then increased in the YZ group, and showed no significant change in the YZD group.

Quantitative assays clearly showed a highly significant increase in biofilm biomass in the OE strain compared to the WT strain ( Figure 4C ), directly confirming CRP’s crucial regulator role in the biofilm development of KP.

These observations were paired with a notable trend of decreasing body volume of sponge individuals, indicating lower fitness at the lowest salinities.

The cell activity of pPNs showed an increasing trend without significant toxicity compared to the control group in Figure 2d , which also explained the non-toxicity of PHA as a nanocarrier.

In contrast, Bacteroides showed a decreasing trend with advancing age in our cohort, whereas studies in other countries have reported different age-related patterns.

Across pooled samples, the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1α exhibited an increasing trend congruent with the progressive enhancement of innate immune activation ( Kusiak and Brady, 2022 ; Van Dyke, 2017 ).

At the genus level, a significant imbalance was observed in the core microbiota: the beneficial genus Faecalibacterium and Bacteroides showed a decreasing trend.

At the genus level, the MUC variant score exhibited specific positive correlations with mucin-utilizing or mucus-resident genera (e.g., Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, and certain [Eubacterium] groups ), while showing a negative trend with butyrate-producing, barrier-maintaining bacteria (e.g., Faecalibacterium and specific Lachnospiraceae subgroups) ( Figure 5E ).

Concurrently, the TD group also showed a trend towards higher Simpson, ACE, and Chao1 indices.

However, Bifidobacterium abundance was paradoxically increased, and Prevotella also exhibited an increasing trend ( Figures 3C , D , I ).

3.4 Gut microbial community diversity Exposure to high concentrations of Ti 3 C 2 T x showed a trend toward increased diversity and richness of the intestinal microbial community in D. magna ( Figure 3 ).

Similarly, exposure to 0.01 mg/L Ti 3 C 2 T x showed no significant effect on the Shannon index, whereas 1 mg/L Ti 3 C 2 T x exposure exhibited an increasing trend in the Shannon index ( Figures 3C , D ).

Moreover, the fermented mixed decoction exhibited a highly significant anti-GPV effect.

This non-parametric test yielded a chi-squared statistic of χ 2 = 3.33 ( p = 0.068), indicating a nonsignificant trend toward higher gene discovery rates in Gram-negative species.

Unlike bacteria, fungal communities showed a trend of reduced network complexity (fewer nodes and edges) in the simulated grazing area and generally lower mean degree, modularity index and mean clustering coefficient than in the control area, whereas the mean path lengths increased, suggesting that the fungal community network was looser and less stable.