Excerpts

Remodelling the complete dataset with gender interactions terms showed that the interaction with unemployment was significant (OR = 1.82; 95%CI = 1.03–3.20); and that the interaction with social cohesion was marginally significant (OR = 1.07; 95%CI = 1.00–1.14).

Controlling for covariates reduced the odds ratios (3.45 and 4.26 for Swedish men and women, respectively, and 2.61 and 3.74 for Russian men and women, respectively) but the associations remained highly significant.

While housing status (homeless) was highly significant in determining the likelihood of re-presentation to the ED, within the levels of homelessness, there were no significant differences between the primary, secondary, tertiary and marginalized housing groups.

Another epidemiological finding from our ED-SSS was an increasing trend in visits due to gastrointestinal syndrome starting late autumn 2004.

In China, a decreasing trend in youth suicide was found in 1991–2000 [ 9 ] and pesticide poisoning was very common in China's rural areas [ 10 ].

Some of the analyzed causes of death showed well increased RR estimates, at a borderline significance at two-tailed 95% significance level.

However, among never smokers there was a marginally significant, negative association between urinary cadmium and total testosterone (p-trend = 0.06) and among current smokers there was a marginally significant, positive association between urinary cadmium and free testosterone concentrations (p-trend = 0.09).

A significant inverse dose-response relationship between the intake of isoflavones and the prevalence of periodontal disease was observed, although the difference in the adjusted odds ratio between the extreme quintiles was of borderline significance ( P for trend = 0.04).

There was no significant difference between the three groups in which respondents' HbA 1c was less than 7%, although there may be a slight trend with increasing tertiles.

When this variable is dichotomised (postsecondary education versus the other two levels combined), the effect is indeed highly significant (odds ratio (OR) = 1.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.25–2.17), and estimates of other parameters do not differ.

The average annual injury rate in Yorkhill was higher than that of Kingston though the difference was not quite statistically significant.

As the blood pressure increased from normotension to hypertension group, the average age of the study population showed an increasing trend.

Figure 1a presents the proportion of current smokers by age, for boys and girls, and shows an increasing trend over ages 13 to 17 for both boys and girls.

Although current smoking was not significantly associated with physical activity, the results did indicate a lower risk for insufficient activity (borderline significance).

Results There was a statistically highly significant linear trend between increased parental LoC and higher probability of the children to be free from untreated caries, independent from the effect of sociodemographic variables of children and parents.

There was an inverse relationship between the number of protective factors and the prevalence of hypertension with a significant trend for a reduction in hypertension prevalence with increasing number of protective factors (Table 4 ).

There was a strong trend for a reduced prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia with increasing number of protective factors with those who scored four or more factors having approximately one-third and one-quarter the risk of hypertension and dyslipidemia respectively.

There were strong and highly significant inverse associations between mean SBP, mean DBP, and triglycerides and the number of protective factors, and a strong highly significant direct association between the number of factors and HDL cholesterol (Figures 1 and 2 ).

For 'liver diseases' the risk decreased from 1.96 to 1.75, but retained a borderline significance.

0.82–1.01) were in the optimal model as judged by overall χ 2 , though PEFR and UCO were not significant, only showing a statistical trend.

Thus, the disparity reduced gradually over time, alongside an overall trend of increased uptake.

A different pattern was observable for men, who showed an increasing trend until age 75–79 years.

Some countries showed only an increasing trend in girls while in boys some stabilization was observed.

On the other hand, some of those substances that had a decreasing trend in prevalence either exhibited an increasing trend (e.g., alcohol and tobacco), remained relatively stable (e.g., ecstasy for middle school students) or, to a lesser extent, decreased in onset rate (ecstasy, ketamine, and marijuana for high school students).

Results For middle school students (grades 7 and 9), a decreasing trend in lifetime use prevalence over the years was found in tobacco, betel nut, ecstasy, and GHB (Additional file 1 : Table 1, upper panel).