Excerpts

A cross-sectional study in China including 78,596 participants (47,781 males and 30,815 females) in physical examination [ 14 ] showed that during 2011–2015, the prevalence of hypertension and hyperuricemia in both males and females showed an increasing trend; meanwhile, the overall prevalence of hypertension and hyperuricemia was significantly higher in males than in females.

Paradoxically, participants noted a positive trend, indicating growing awareness among both scientific and non-scientific populations.

Interestingly, the age-standardized DALYs rate of Mongolia presented a decreasing trend from 1990 to 2021.

Instead, education level was almost at the threshold of significance for women for the HLQ6 score.

Although all the social population index regions showed an increasing trend, the degree of change varied.

The increasing trend varied by region, with the largest increase in central social population index (0.79 per 100,000; 95% UI: 0.38–1.15), in contrast to high social population index, which showed a decreasing trend (−0·09 per 100,000; 95% UI: −0.14 to −0.05) (Table 2 ).

TC-HBMI was typically considered to have a low mortality rate, with the AAPC of ASMR for females showing a decreasing trend (AAPC<0), but for males, it indicated an increasing trend.

Moreover, the necessity of per capita health expenditure has shown an increasing trend over the years, indicating a significant temporal effect.

Moreover, the associations among smoking-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices exhibited a decreasing trend over time.

At the regional level, significant variations in the ASPR were observed, with an overall trend of increasing rates that correlates positively with the SDI.

In terms of descriptive changes in prevalence over time among groups, it is noteworthy that the neglectful parenting style remains relatively stable in the control group (25%, 25%, and 26%, baseline, 12 and 24-month follow-up respectively) and shows a decreasing trend in the intervention group (33%, 27%, and 28%, baseline, 12 and 24-month follow-up relatively).

In addition, the overall proportion of recent infections, as well as the proportion of recent infections in different subpopulations, showed a decreasing trend with age increasing.

There was a decreasing trend in the frequency of discrepancies with increasing age.

For cold season circulatory hospitalization there was an increasing trend for males in the Eastern region, a decreasing trend for all groups except females in the Central region, but no trend in the Western region.

In the continuous dose–response meta-analysis, which included 3 cross-sectional studies [ 51 , 54 , 57 ], a highly significant linear association between ST and the incidence or prevalence of myopia was found (P linearity = 0.000; P non-linearity = 0.4509) (Fig. 4 ).

Although it cannot be ruled out that the case numbers in lower-income countries may have been underestimated, other factors such as population age structure and climate can explain this situation, making the results still practically significant but full of ambiguity.

The period effect demonstrated an increasing trend, with a 1.21 and 1.22 times increase in RR for prevalence and DALYs risk, respectively, from the period 1992 to 2017.

BKMR analysis indicated a significant trend of increasing likelihood of prenatal anxiety symptoms with higher levels of the OH-PAHs mixture.

An emerging body of evidence now suggests that circadian rhythms, or natural 24-h cycles governing physiological processes, may be significant contributing factors to multimorbidity [ 7 , 8 ].

While the prevalence of both stunting and thinness are marginally declining among non-pregnant adolescent girls in Ghana, overweight/obesity has continued to show an increasing trend since 2003 [ 8 ].

However, when measured subjectively, there was a highly significant difference in both vigorous intensity PA and total PA level between the groups at the 12-month measurement session.

From 1990 to 2021, the disease burden of NTDm showed a decreasing trend globally and in the five SDI regions, but the disease burden remained high (Fig. 1 ).

When considering seasonal variations, an interesting trend emerges: live birth rates are significantly lower in winter compared to spring, summer, and autumn, this suggests a seasonal influence on ART outcomes, potentially linked to PM2.5 in winter, temperature and other unknown factors.

In the context of the present study, daily working hours, teaching experience, and salary may be significant factors influencing teachers’ mentalizing capacity, highlighting the need for targeted support and policy adjustments to enhance teachers’ well-being and resilience, ultimately reducing emotional exhaustion and depersonalization while promoting personal accomplishment.

While taken together the two interventions (25% and 50% serving spoon size reductions) did not significantly reduce the amount of meat served, the daily decrease of ~ 12 lbs with a small effect size (SMD = 0.24) showed a trend in the expected direction.