Spatiotemporal changes in net primary productivity before and after the development of unused land in the hilly areas of Hebei, China.

After the development of unused land, the average annual increase in NPP in the study area was mainly distributed in northwestern Tang County, including Yangjiao town, Qijiazuo town and Shimen town, while it showed a decreasing trend in the south and north-central parts of the study area.

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The NPP in the study area showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing as a whole.

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The results showed that, due to the changes in land use types from unused land, forestland, arable land with high NPP values to urban and rural residential land, traffic land with low NPP values, and the changes in precipitation and temperature, the NPP in the study area showed an overall trend of decreasing first and then rising from 2000 to 2018.

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