Excerpts

When we applied Fisher's exact test to gene sets identified by the different approaches ( Supplemental Figure S3A–C ), we always found highly significant overlap (more genes in common than expected by chance) between the SB Driver Analysis and GKC analysis methods ( P < 10 −12 ).

Gene pathways up-regulated by age in all three tissues were complement genes, apoptosis and interferon gamma response pathway genes, albeit this upregulation was highly significant (hypergeometric test, p < 10 −12 – 10 −20 ) in the old kidney and less significant in the old liver and skeletal muscle ( Figure 2 ).

The general lack of diagnostic specificity is also apparent in the Spearman's rank correlations (Table 4 and Supporting Information Tables 2 and 3), as for each pair of diagnoses, correlation coefficients across regions ranged between 0.42 and 0.82 and were highly significant (0.001 < P < 10 −12 ).

Of the 119 genes that were both represented in the MCF-7 dataset and increased in EGFR -mutant NSCLC cells, 44 (31%) were increased with P <0.05 in EGFR -transfected MCF-7 cells, which represented a highly significant overlap ( P <1E–12, one-sided Fisher's exact test, Fig. 2 E ).

The direct comparison of all 1-kb regions reveals that this higher B in the X chromosome relative to autosomes is highly significant (Mann-Whitney U Test, P <1×10 −12 for complete and trimmed chromosomes), with all BGS models generating the same trend and level of significance.

The difference in substitution scores between core and surface region is highly significant for both SVD and CSM ( P <1.0 −12 ) and significant for SVP ( P <1.0 −4 ), whereas it is not significant for SAP ( P <0.78).

A linear regression of the first principal component (PC1, explaining 20% of the functional variance) and the relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes showed a highly significant correlation (R 2 =0.96, p<10 −12 ; Fig. 2B ).

To test this more formally, we assessed baseline pupil size in our a priori baseline time window −1 to 0 s and found a highly significant difference in pupil size preceding certain vs. uncertain choices ( β C > 0 , t = 6.9 , p ~ 10 − 12 , CI = 0.03 , 0.05 ) (Figure 2A , inset bar plots).

CC15 exhibited highly significant associations with both ant(4’)-Ia and lnu(A) ( P = 1.01E-12, OR = 583.8 for both).

A chi‐squared test confirmed a highly significant association between vector construct and co‐transformation frequency ( χ 2 (3) = 58.87, P = 1.03 × 10 −12 ).

A statistical analysis using the chi-square test of independence revealed a highly significant difference between the groups (χ 2 ≈ 43.6; P < 1.04 × 10 –12 ), confirming that a full stomach exerts a protective effect on the pars oesophagea and significantly reduces the risk of ulcerations.

Indeed, of the 1,734 KHSRP targets identified in Winzen et al, 43 245, or 14%, overlapped with the 1,589 ischemia-stabilized mRNAs, an overlap that was highly significant via normal approximation of exact hypergeometric probability (Representation factor: 1.5, p < 1.064e −12 ).

Results: A highly significant association with CD was observed, with the strongest signal at coding variant Arg381Gln (allele frequency, 2.5% in CD vs 6.2% in controls [ P = 1.1 × 10 −12 ]; odds ratio, 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.29–0.50).

Furthermore, a hypergeometric test indicated that the identification of 18 seasonal genes out of 363 may have occurred by chance ( p = 0.4233), whereas the 87 vitamin D target genes among the 873 circadian genes were highly significant ( p = 1.1976 × 10 −12 ).

For heat resistance (CTmax), males became less tolerant with increasing age as we observed a significant negative slope with age in the regression (p = 7.91e-23), whereas for females, their resistance to heat is not changed with age suggested by the highly significant positive interaction effect (p = 1.20e-12) (Table 1 , Fig. 1B ).

Identification of genes differentially methylated between PCNSL and hematopoietic controls PCA based analysis applying most stringent conditions differentiates normal controls from both PCNSL and systemic DLBCL samples in a highly significant fashion (p = 1.2 × 10 -12 , q = 3.9157 × 10 -11 ; Fig. 1A ). 33 CpG loci (corresponding to 30 genes) differentiating between PCNSL and controls performed in replicates were significantly hypermethylated while three CpG loci showed hypomethylation in PCNSL compared to hematopoietic controls (Fig. 1B ).

Network enrichment analysis revealed a highly significant functional network (19 nodes, 29 edges; PPI enrichment p = 1.3e-12), with TNF emerging as the central hub ( Supplementary Figure 3G ).

The C-786 mutant group, however, was more common in Caucasians (14.5%) compared to Africans or African Americans (3.2% and 1.8% respectively) and this difference was highly significant (χ 2 = 61.64; P = 1.312 × 10 −12 ).

A highly significant, negative correlation was also observed between this DMR and MAB21L2 (r = −0.66, p = 1.35 × 10 −12 ), but not LRBA .

Tdrd7 was differentially transcribed between tissues, with a moderate but highly significant upregulation in the gonads (~ 2.5 times more transcribed considering pooled sexes; p -value = 1.4e−12).

Genotype analysis of 168 pups at weaning revealed that only two Tbx1 +/– ;Pax9 +/– mice were alive, a highly significant deviation from the 42 expected of each genotype from this cross ( P =1.4×10 −12 ; Table S2 ).

For example, Lee et al reported a comprehensive HCC gene signature on a Chinese-Belgium dataset that overlapped our results in a highly significant manner (4.8 fold enrichment; Fisher Exact Test p-value = 1.4E-12 for the tumor tissue DFS signature, Table 1 and 2 ).

Interestingly, we observed a highly significant decrease in mtDNA copies in the SS patients compared to healthy controls ( p = 1.44 × 10 −12 ).

Notably, we obtained highly significant ORs for rs7903146, including the pooled OR for the T allele versus the C allele (OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.37 – 1.74, p = 1.47 × 10 -12 , I 2 = 25.20%) and the OR for heterozygotes versus C homozygotes (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.38 – 1.76, p = 8.25 × 10 -9 , I 2 = 21.00%) (Figure 3 ).

For grain Na + content we observed a single highly significant association on the bottom of chromosome 4HL for the marker SCRI_RS_142792, with a −log10(p) = 11.8, FDR adjusted p -value = 2.2E-08, and an R 2 = 0.45 (Fig. 1b ) consistent with prior genetic analyses of shoot Na + content 19 – 21 .