In contrast, SMC in the salt-stressed groups increased progressively compared with the control, showing significant differences from day 12 ( p < 0.05) and highly significant differences from day 26 ( p < 0.01).
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There were also significant ( p < 0.05, same below) or highly significant ( p < 0.01, same below) differences in the four aboveground indices between the three provenances; seedlings of BS provenance had the highest plant height and stem diameter values at the ground level (73.79 cm and 6.63 mm), while BB provenance seedlings had most sprouts and leaves (2.67 and 18.57).
Two-way ANOVA further indicated that the interaction between stubble height and cutting density exerted highly significant effects on leaf and soil C, N, and P contents as well as their stoichiometric ratios ( p < 0.01), and was more influential than either factor alone.
A comparison of soil metal distributions between GC and WC systems showed that Cd concentrations had no significant change between cultivation systems ( p > 0.05), while Pb showed highly significant differences ( p < 0.01) across the two cultivation systems due to anthropogenic input.
Potassium (K) had a positive correlation with proline (%Pro) (r = 0.64, p < 0.05) and a highly significant positive correlation with superoxide dismutase (%SOD) (r = 0.57, p < 0.01). pH was negatively correlated with %Pro (r = −0.64, p < 0.05).
Furthermore, analysis of variance revealed that planting density and chemical regulation measures had a highly significant effect ( p < 0.01) on maize plant height, ear height and ear-to-plant height ratio, but there was no significant interaction effect ( p > 0.05), indicating that planting density and chemical regulation measures exert relatively independent regulatory effects on maize plant growth traits ( Figure 1 ).
Joint ANOVA and Genetic Parameters Joint ANOVA for the treatments (environmental indices (E) and genotypes (G)) displayed highly significant differences ( p < 0.01) for all studied traits, and the interactions were significant for 12 traits and insignificant for 8 traits (DH, RWC, E, POD, Pn, Gs, PPO, and CAT) ( Table 2 ).
In the CK, all the parameter pairs showed highly significant correlations ( p < 0.01), except for the relationship between H g and H d , which was not significant ( p > 0.05).
ANOVA revealed highly significant ( p < 0.01) genotype, environment, and genotype × environment (G × E) effects across developmental stages ( Table S2 ), with broad-sense heritability exceeding 80% ( Table 1 ).
In contrast, the Cd contents were positively correlated with the FFA content ( p < 0.05), and showed a highly significant positive correlation with SP, Pro, O 2 ·− , H 2 O 2 contents, and POD and SOD activities ( p < 0.01).
All statistical analyses were performed using Origin 2024 software, and differences were considered statistically significant at “ p < 0.05” and extremely significant at “ p < 0.01”. 5.
A value of p < 0.05 was considered significantly different, and a highly significant difference was identified with p < 0.01.
Specifically, for TG and TS, there were highly significant differences ( p < 0.01) between the pairwise plots ( Figure 5 a).
The leaf sampling area strongly influenced stomata width and had a highly significant effect ( p < 0.01) on stomata length values.
Analysis of variance revealed that the effect of treatment (T) was highly significant ( p < 0.01) across all sampling days in both 2021 and 2022.
In addition, pH had highly significant negative correlations with NO 3 − -N and TN ( p < 0.01).
This is consistent with the difference in the INFC, and the difference among combinations was highly significant ( p < 0.01).
As shown in Figure 9 , the analysis revealed that the leaf Pro content, leaf MDA content, root MDA content, root H 2 O 2 content, root POD activity, leaf CAT activity, root CAT activity, leaf MeJA content, and root MeJA content exhibited a highly significant positive correlation with the WUE ( p < 0.01).
Because soil AN exhibited a highly significant correlation ( p < 0.01) with AP, pH, EC, and SUC, AN was selected for the MDS.
Analysis of variance indicated that all examined macro- and microelements were highly significant ( p < 0.01).
The model for PC2 showed a higher amount of both explanatory and predictive power after cross-validation for a highly significant model ( p < 0.010, Table 2 ).
Genetic Variability Analysis of variance (ANOVA) ( Table 1 ) revealed highly significant differences ( p ≤ 0.01 and p ≤ 0.001) among the 34 accessions for all traits except those related to seeds, such as SL and SWi.
Compared to the control (CK), the M treatment induced a highly significant accumulation ( p < 0.01), with a relative abundance approximately 3.4-fold higher.
The ANOVA results displayed that the difference between RILs for both populations was highly significant for all three traits ( p < 0.01) ( Supplementary Table S3 ).
Genetic Variation Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences ( p < 0.01) among hybrids and among block × hybrid interactions for tree height, DBH, and individual stem volume in all assessment years.