Excerpts

We found highly significant differences ( p < 2 e - 16 ) between most cluster pairs at K = 5, except clusters 2 and 5 ( p ≈ 1 ) and clusters 2 and 3 ( p = 1.2 e - 09 ).

An overall log‐rank test comparing survival curves across the eight groups defined by larval treatment, adult treatment, and sex showed highly significant differences (χ2 = 146, df = 7, p < 2e–16).

We observed that the A/I ratio was highly significant and associated with improved outcome (A/I ratio: HR = 0.77, P < 2x10 -16 ), while the total TIL score was associated with poorer outcome (TIL HR = 1.03, P = 0.0137).

The differences between transdifferentiation factors and all other TFs are highly significant (one-sided Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test, expression p-value<2*10 −16 ; H3K27me3 p-value<2*10 −16 ).

In the total Cape Verde sample, skin pigmentation is significantly correlated with individual ancestry, with a clear trend towards darker pigmentations with increasing levels of West African ancestry (Pearson r = 0.54, P -value <2e–16; including sex as a covariate).

Additionally, no effect of larvae stage was observed for NCR whereas the other factors were highly significant ( p value <2.10 −16 and 1.39.10 −8 for Paraquat concentration and NAC, respectively).

As with sequence similarity, whereas there is a significant trend for proteins that are among the top 0.5% of co-expressing pairs to share related ligands, (χ 2 = 1.3e3, p < 2.2e-16), pragmatically the effect size is marginal and only 9.3% of the top 15% of co-expressed pairs show any SEA interactions at all ( Fig 1B ).

Further, the concordance of miRNA expression (log normalized) of the common miRNAs was also explored by Spearman correlation and showed a highly significant correlation with rho of 0.81, p<2.2x10 -16 ( Fig 4b ).

That is, traits within a group (e.g., both traits related to pigment level) are more highly significant (p < 2.2e-16 to 0.11, average p = 0.0041) than the significance is of correlations between groups (e.g., one trait is pigment level and another is patterning, p = 4e-13 to 0.99, average p = 0.148) ( S4 Table ).

Strikingly, PFC Aliceblue and NAc Cadetblue 2 showed a highly significant overlap in their gene content, with 72 overlapping genes ( S2 Table ; p = 2.2 x 10 −16 ).

The traits are much more correlated in both twin groups than in twin-spouse pairs or unrelated individuals (all comparisons were highly significant, p < 2.2e16).

The model describing recovery rate ( rr ) was highly significant ( X 2 = 27,605,272, df = 23, P< 2.2e -16 ), with each term of the model being significant ( S2 Table ).

As a result, we found a highly significant positive relationship between visual bleaching scores on Day 0 and Day 7 post-stress ( Fig 3A and S2 Table , linear mixed effects model, p < 2.2e -16 , marginal R 2 = 0.863, df = 44), such that VBS at Day 0 post-stress was highly predictive of VBS throughout the following seven-day period.

Overall, the results exhibited a clear trend of the MAS level increasing with increasing simulated resistance (Spearman’s rank correlation ρ = 0.71, and p = 2.2E-16).

The overlap is very highly significant (Fisher’s Exact Test: Odds Ratio: 9.38; p-value < 2.2e-16).

Although correlation is less than observed for the H3K4me3 replicates, many H3K4me3-positive loci are bound by TBP and the correlation is highly significant (r = 0.40, p<2.2 * 10 -16 ).

The overall model including all predictors was highly significant for both, the plaque size in the aortic root and BCA (BCA: F(4, 94) = 37.44, p-value < 2.2e-16 r2 = 0.60; heart: F(4, 81) = 65.09, p-value < 2.2e-16, r2 = 0.75).

Flies (Diptera) were captured along all months under study and in all areas of the island ( Fig 10 ), but there were highly significant differences among months (G-test, G = 125.24, d.f. = 9, p = 2.2x10 -16 ).

Although the results of the test for direction of change in expression of X-linked transcripts in CDX males compared to Control males was highly significant (χ 2 = 82.7517, df = 3, P -value <2.2*10 −16 ), there was no evidence that these transcripts had feminized expression levels in CDX males ( Table 2 ).

There exist only small differences in their declared residence area (zip code), but they are older (median age 35 against 24), more likely men (men proportion 62.9% against 49.9%) and live within the Lyon-Villeurbanne urban area (85.3% against 81.7%, all theses differences are highly significant, p-value <2.2*10 −16 ).

The two-factor Anova analyses using genomic distance types (intra- vs inter-zone configuration) and geographic zones as explicative variables of genomic distance were highly significant (p < 2.2 x 10 −16 ) for all comparisons, except for the general distances distribution between continental and islands species (2 Zones– Fig 3 ; 4 Zones– S3 Fig ; 6 Zones– S4 Fig ).

Lastly, we compared the average TE ages between SUO and SLO genes in human and revealed a highly significant difference (p<2.2e-16, Wilcoxon Rank Sum test), with the former at 16.1% and the latter at 21.3% sequence divergence from their consensus sequences (For reference, 16–18% of unconstrained nucleotides have been substituted since the split of primates from other mammalian orders [32] ).

These differences are highly significant (X 2 test p-value < 2.2e-16).

A Chi-square test comparing the observed and expected frequencies of different types of AA combinations gave a highly significant result for data pooled across phyla (X 2 = 255.35, df = 2, P < 2.2×10 −16 , Table 1 ).

By linear regression analysis, the correlation between the two are highly significant (Spearman's rank correlation = 0.83, P-value <2.2×10 −16 ).