Excerpts

A highly significant ( p -level of 0.01) relationship with an R 2 of 0.59 was observed between the enzymatically measured fructan hydrolysis in wheat flour and the remaining fructan levels in the model system after fermentation for 72 h.

Also, the intake of certain types of fiber that may be significant predictors in the pathogenesis of cholelithiasis has been described [ 13 , 14 ].

When infants were excluded, there was a significant trend toward lower DS use with increasing age.

GZMA, GZMH, GZMM, GNLY and PTPRC showed no association between expression levels and time post-partum ( Table S4, Figure S2 ) whereas PRF1 had a borderline significant decrease ( p -value 0.068) ( Table S4 ).

Our data, showing a highly significant negative association between s-leptin levels at 5 mo and weight gain from 5 to 9 mo, could be a result of decreased leptin resistance when other foods were introduced, with s-leptin then having an anorexigenic effect.

[ 30 ], the mean difference, limit of agreement (LoA), as well as Bland-Altman index were calculated, after a log transformation applied due to non-parametric distribution, as commonly applied [ 34 ], while a Bland-Altman index of 5% was interpreted as a positive validation [ 35 ] and a Bland-Altman index of 10% was interpreted as a borderline significant [ 36 ], which was assumed a priori [ 37 ], (2) analysis of cross-classification in quartiles: the share of correctly classified and grossly misclassified (classified to the opposite quartiles) individuals were indicated, while at least 50% of correctly classified and, at the same time, less than 10% of grossly misclassified individuals was interpreted as a positive validation [ 38 ]; (3) analysis of the weighted κ statistic: as a method recommended by Cade et al.

p -trend was considered significant when <0.05 and considered marginally significant when <0.10. 3.

It should be treated as a positive trend because of the association of poultry consumption with the risk reduction of developing overweight and obesity, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes [ 25 ].

However, HOMA-IR did not show significant differences, although an increasing trend was observed in both HFF and HFG groups.

This observation is supported by the highly significant difference in the variance of the two groups ( Table 3 ).

Our longitudinal analyses showed that a higher frequency of SAMF consumption at baseline predicted a higher increase of all anthropometric indexes over the two-years follow up in all children groups with the exception of older girls, in which only a positive trend for waist circumference was observed.

In one of our own cross-sectional studies [ 64 ], we reported a nominally significant gene–diet interaction between EPA in erythrocytes, CE and TG, and dietary intake of EPA in 962 men who were participating in the METSIM study ( Table 2 B).

Another meta-analysis suggested that only regimens containing over 60% EPA had a highly significant effect in the treatment of depression [ 55 ].

Marginally significant differences were observed for marital status and history of diabetes. 3.2.

Moreover, the HR showed a decreasing trend with level of intake of both EPA ( p for trend = 0.009) and DHA ( p for trend = 0.032).

Regarding dietary factors, the increase in the adherence to MedDiet seemed to play a role in the decrease of liver fat percentage, while its association with lower values of ALT and liver stiffness was only marginally significant.

Patella lead was more strongly associated with urinary lead in the lower two tertiles of potassium excretion than in the highest tertile, where a borderline significant effect modification ( p -for-interaction = 0.10) was observed ( Figure 4 ).

Children also decreased the consumption of added sugars by −14.6 (95% CI: −29.5 to 0.4) g/d and the difference was borderline significant.

Interestingly, DHEAS was significantly lower (−11.3% with 95% CI: −18.3, −3.7%, p -trend = 0.01) comparing the extreme quartiles of flavan-3-ol intake, however in contrast, DHEAS tended to increase significantly across quartiles of flavanone intake, although the difference between the highest and the lowest quartiles were only marginally significant (9.0% with 95% CI: −0.3%, 19.3%, p -trend = 0.04).

In addition, GLP1 showed a slightly significant increase after the ingestion of the placebo at 15 min, whereas it remained fairly stable after that of the fibre-enriched juice.

Interestingly, MET, NAC showed an increasing trend, whereas the combination (MET+NAC) treatment significantly ( p < 0.05) increased AKT expression ( Figure 11 C).

In the present study, the mean baseline vascular diameter was smaller than that of the resting diameter after 12 weeks of treatment and FMDb showed an increasing trend only in the high-dose group ( Table S1 ).

Whilst normally counterbalanced by effects of endogenous antioxidants, the role of exogenous antioxidants may be significant [ 30 ]; ensuring sufficient intakes of dietary antioxidants in older age, such as carotenoids and selenium, may therefore offer protection against oxidative damage to muscle tissue.

Nutrient Intake and Growth During the intervention period, the two groups received comparable mean daily feeding volumes while the PTF group received significantly lower daily amounts of HMF, and protein, and lower energy of marginal significance compared to the FF group.

In addition, German and Australian studies observed a decreasing trend in PUFA intake among adolescents [ 18 , 19 ].