Excerpts

Figure 6 shows the SEM images of copper films deposited by HiPIMS under different duty cycle conditions, and it is found that the particle size on the surface of the copper film shows an increasing trend with increasing duty cycle.

Under the conditions of a 4.5% and 5.25% duty cycle, the target peak current shows a decreasing trend.

When the sodium silicate content was below 25%, the compressive strength exhibited an increasing trend with higher silicate levels.

The results highlight that the crack initiation strength, damage strength, peak strength, and elasticity modulus of Jinping marble exhibit an increasing trend with an increase in intermediate principal stress, while the peak strain initially increases and subsequently decreases.

The tensile strength of the specimens subjected to one, three, and seven dry–wet cycles shows a decreasing trend with the increase in curing age.

As depicted in Figure 7 , with an increase in the slurry c/t ratio and mass concentration, the slump and bleeding rate of the filling slurry showed a decreasing trend.

The UCS of the CCPB showed an increasing trend with the rise in curing age, mass concentration, and the c/t ratio.

Recently, there has been an increasing trend, especially in the automotive sector, towards the production of cylindrical blocks to achieve the high performance of diesel engines by improving their wear and corrosion properties [ 34 ].

However, following the degradation of the cement matrix, a notable trend is observed during the failure stage (referred to as the C-stage); the reduction in the elastic modulus due to environmental temperature fluctuations has a marked impact on the compressive strength of the sample.

Due to the inherent dispersion property of the material, both ε′ and ε′′ showed a decreasing trend with increasing frequency when subjected to a heat treatment temperature of 800 °C.

Both the storage modulus and loss modulus exhibited a decreasing trend with rising temperatures and increasing DMSO 2 concentrations in the PCL matrix.

Generally, the strut diameter showed a trend of being thick with the increase in printing temperature, pressure, and DMSO 2 concentration.

From 120 ms to 240 ms, when the temperature of the electropulsing treatment is relatively low, the elongation of the material shows an increasing trend, while the tensile strength gradually decreases.

As loading progresses and the deformations increase, the viscous damping coefficient shows a decreasing trend, resulting in an overall reduction in energy dissipation capacity.

Nonetheless, with an excessive concentration of diatomite (wt.% > 1.1%), the yield stress and plastic viscosity of the geopolymer coatings exhibit a decreasing trend.

At the same time, with the increase in the replacement rate of recycled aggregate, the strain size of the specimen when it reached the peak point was also increasing, and the curve as a whole showed a trend of right–downward deviation.

As the dosage of PS beads increased, the compressive strength showed a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing.

The impact of electrode polarization, which might be significant at low frequencies, can be ignored in this frequency range [ 81 ].

Contrary to the trend of ultimate tensile strength, the ultimate tensile strain showed a trend of decreasing and then increasing; however, the strain of the specimens in the 5% Na 2 SO 4 and 5% Na 2 SO 4 —3% NaCl solutions under the same tensile strength was lower than that of the aqueous solution specimens, which indicates that the erosion of salt particles caused the matrix to become brittle, thus causing the strain to decrease. 3.1.3.

The SIMS result for Sample H reveals a notable trend that the H concentration exhibits higher levels within the depth range of 50~150 nm compared to a depth of 400~450 nm.

The results in Figure 4 , Figure 5 and Figure 6 and Table 1 demonstrate the dimensions of the formed layer, which show an increasing trend due to the accelerated kinetics of the oxidation reaction as the temperature increases.

These mortar samples showed an increasing trend of shrinkage over time.

The analysis reveals that with increasing spray pressure, residual tensile stresses show a decreasing trend, gradually stabilizing.

The mass percentage of fine and microscopic debris in simulated rock samples gradually decreases, while the mass percentage of medium-sized debris shows an increasing trend.

The adjustment of the second-degree polynomial model was carried out through ANOVA, with a high F-value and low p -value ( p < 0.005), suggesting that the coefficients were highly significant, demonstrating that the developed model provided the best fit [ 99 ].