Excerpts

3.6 Comparative analysis of exam anxiety across related factors ( N = 1,519) The analysis of academic, health and life style variables demonstrates that several key factors are highly significant predictors of exam anxiety ( p ≤ 0.001).

The association between this variable and motivation levels was highly significant [ χ 2 (16) = 105.58, p < 0.001, Cramér’s V = 0.14], supporting the hypothesis that ‘higher usage frequency leads to stronger learning motivation’, which aligns with the theoretical connotations of the “Relevance” and “Satisfaction” dimensions in the ARCS model.

The results of the repeated measures ANOVAs indicate that there is a highly significant effect of age (intra-subjects differences) on Word production [ F (2) = 309.430, p < 0.001, η 2 = 0.805]; no significant combined effect of age x group is found [ F (2) = 0.901, p = 0.408, η 2 = 0.012]; no significant difference between groups (PT vs.

Separate analyses revealed that the effect of Condition was highly significant in L1 ( F (1, 1939.5) = 23.8, p < 0.001), but there was no such effect in L2 ( F (1, 1939.5) = 1.35, p = 0.246).

For instance, a mobile app that guides users in applying acupoint tapping protocols for anxiety and stress was investigated in a large-scale study including 270,461 app users and found highly significant ( p < 0.001) symptom reduction ( Church et al., 2020 ).

Individual comparisons of Faces to each stimulus category (birds, cars, phones, and scrambled faces) revealed highly significant effects (all p < 0.001).

As we had expected, the main effect of Manipulations was highly significant, F (3,63) = 130.82, p < 0.001, η 2 = 0.862.

Sufficient correlations for PCA were indicated, as the Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity was highly significant, χ 2 (780) = 4029.79, p < 0.001.

A highly significant interaction Mask x Inversion [ F (1, 29) = 24.92, MSE = 0.020, p < 0.001] revealed that the inversion effect was larger in the unmasked [ t (29) = 15.28, p < 0.001] than in the masked [ t (29) = 10.26, p < 0.001] condition, a result that is in accordance with the holistic prediction.

The result showed a highly significant logistic component [ t (48) = 44.31, p > 0.001] consistent with the presence of a category boundary (Harnad, 1987 ) (see Figure 2 ).

The final regression model predicting pro-ocean environmental behavior was highly significant [ F (5,1200) = 775.652, p < 0.001], explaining 76.4% of the variance ( R 2 = 0.764, Adjusted R 2 = 0.763).

SCAT-A scores also showed a significant trend toward lower scores with longer years of competition [the shortest group: 20.5 (4.2), the longest group: 18.5 (4.3), p < 0.001 for trend].

However, using a Bonferroni correction and corresponding alpha of 0.001, lifetime history of major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder was the only disorders significantly correlated with misophonia severity, and the correlation with current OCD was marginally significant ( p = 0.001).

Specifically, it demonstrated the largest and most highly significant positive predictive effect on both Social Responsibility ( β = 0.344, p < 0.001 ) and Prosocial Behavior ( β = 0.271, p < 0.001 ).

Test–retest repeatability correlation coefficients for the two domain scores were highly significant ( p < 0.001).

Dynamic Balance Training Dynamic balance training over 4weeks induced a highly significant TIME effect ( Figure 3 ), more precisely an increase in training scores ( F 5.161, ∞ =92.141, p <0.001), but no significant GROUP effect was observed ( F 1.000, ∞ =1.188, p =0.278).

The results unambiguously support that perceived closeness reacts to the treatment manipulation: future managers feel closer to their fellow, with an average closeness equal to 3.96, than to subjects from the other school (3.09, the difference is highly significant, p < 0.001, according to paired-sample Wilcoxon rank sum test).

The result showed a highly significant logistic component, t 58 = 20.19, p > 0.001, that captures a sigmoid-shaped function consistent with a category boundary (Harnad, 1987 ; Figure 3 ).

Bartlet’s test of sphericity was highly significant at p < 0.001, indicating that the data were appropriate for PCA.

Results from the critical ratio method indicated that all items had highly significant critical values ( P < 0.001).

The preliminary EFA showed a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value of 0.967, and Bartlett’s test of sphericity was highly significant ( χ 2 = 15520.423, df = 1,176, p < 0.001), confirming that the empirical data were exceptionally suitable for factor extraction.

For depression (PHQ-9), a highly significant Group × Time interaction was found, F (1, 118) = 270.52, p < 0.001, η 2 p = 0.696, 95% CI [0.625, 1.000], indicating that the Piano group showed a substantially greater reduction in depressive symptoms than the White Noise group.

The main effect of Administration time (pre ToT; after ToT; end-of-break, after-the-break) on the VAS fatigue was highly significant ( F (3, 66) = 23.82, p < 0.001, η p 2 = 0.52).

The primary effect of time was highly significant ( F = 509.072, p < 0.001, η 2 = 0.924), indicating a consistent reduction in depression severity across all groups over time.

The correlational analysis among items within the same sub-scale delivered highly significant values ( p < 0.001).