Excerpts

Moreover, the direct effects of plant community diversity on soil nutrients were positive among four types of plant community grasslands (path coefficient = 0.17, 0.23, 0.48 and 0.71 resp., Figures 4I–L ), in which the effect was highly significant (P values ≤ 0.001, Figure 4L ) in the KM and marginal in EG ( Figure 4I ).

The levels of diosgenin, trigonelline, and 4-hydroxyisoleucine analyzed under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions were found to be significantly influenced by genotype, environment, and their interaction (Genotype × Environment), with a highly significant effect observed at the p < 0.001 level.

The Margalef richness index showed a trend similar to the Shannon-Wiener index (F 2,42 = 42.13, P < 0.001), with the highest species richness observed in MG, followed by HG, while NG had the lowest species richness ( Figure 3C ).

RFV had highly significant negative correlations with ADF, CPY, and NDF ( r = –0.72, –0.66, and –0.89; p <0.001), and CPY had highly significant positive correlations with NDF ( r = 0.68).

Water availability had a highly significant effect ( p < 0.001) on most mineral nutrients, except Zn which exhibited a lower effect ( p < 0.05) and K, which did not show any significant effect ( Supplementary Table S1 ).

Furthermore, the Plant hormone signal transduction pathway (ko04075) exhibited highly significant enrichment (p < 0.001).

In contrast, at the ecosystem scale, the difference in WUE Eco between the two sites was highly significant (P < 0.001) ( Figure 4d ), with the mean WUE Eco value in the MPA being significantly higher than that in the SMAH.

The plant mortality at 14 dpi on different treatments were highly significant (p-value < 0.001).

Significant variance components and narrow-sense heritability identified When assessing the 92 populations in the field, population by locations interactions were highly significant ( p ≤ 0.001) for biomass, growth habit and leaf size across years and seasons ( Tables 3 , 4 ).

3.2.2 Grain yield The factorial ANOVA revealed that nitrogen availability was the dominant factor influencing quinoa grain yield, with a highly significant main effect (P < 0.001; Supplementary Table 2 ).

In addition, a significant interaction effect between year and treatment was detected for the Margalef index (p < 0.05), whereas treatment exerted a highly significant main effect on species richness (p < 0.001).

During the wheat growing season ( Supplementary Figure S1A ), a highly significant positive correlation was identified between the yield and both the year and nitrogen application rate ( p < 0.001), whereas a highly significant negative correlation was found with the irrigation volume ( p < 0.001).

Results Combined AMMI-analysis revealed highly significant (p <0.001) effects of genotype and environment on grain yield, iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn), together with significant GEI for most traits.

Analysis of variance and broad-sense heritability ANOVA results for all traits and years indicated that genotype was a highly significant factor (p< 0.001) influencing phenotypic variation.

Variance components across moisture regimes The genotype had a highly significant effect ( p ≤ 0.001, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.05) for most of the studied traits except for ASI, SPAD, and KNR under optimal moisture conditions, D50S and EG under drought, and D50 and ASI under waterlogging according to LRT ( Table 2 ).

For the growth rate in ground diameter (GRD), the main effects of cultivar, time, and treatment, as well as all their interactions, exhibited highly significant effects (p<0.001, Table 3 ).

Agronomical traits Differences among lines were highly significant ( p < 0.001) for all evaluated traits, indicating wide phenotypic variation ( Table 2 ).

Temperature provoked highly significant main effects ( p <0.001) on A nmax , I sat , I c , R d , g s-max , T r-max , and WUE inst-max , suggesting increasing the temperature from 30°C to 35°C profoundly impacted these traits independently of CO 2 concentration.

euteiches strains and pea cultivars, as well as their interaction, showed to have a highly significant ( p < 0.001) effect on root dry weight in the growth chamber pot trials ( Table 2 ).

ANOVA confirmed highly significant treatment effects (F = 397.7, P < 0.001).

All indicators of seed morphology except LWR present highly significant correlations ( P < 0.001) with latitude.

The high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.98), highly significant p-value (p <0.001), low Root Mean Square Error (RMSE = 0.90 kg m - 2), and high Modeling Efficiency (EF = 0.98) collectively demonstrate an excellent model fit for the calibration dataset.

Notably, pH showed highly significant negative correlations with TN, AN, OM, Acp, Sa, B/F-a, and B/F/Ar-s ( p < 0.001).

Analysis of variance for root and yield traits The ANOVA for root traits under the hydroponics platform ( Table 2 ) revealed highly significant differences among genotypes (p< 0.001), traits (p< 0.001), and genotype × trait interaction (p< 0.001), indicating substantial genetic variability and trait-specific effects.

The analysis revealed a strong positive co-expression correlation between the two genes, with R = 0.95 and a highly significant p-value (p<0.001), the raw data are presented in Supplementary Table 5 .