Single applications at 100 and 200 kg N ha−1 demonstrated highly significant timing effects (P < 0.01) , with GPC exhibiting an opposite response pattern to yield.
Excerpts
The treatment-year interaction significantly affected maize yield and WUE ( P < 0.05), and had a highly significant effect on those of soybean ( P < 0.01). 2C4S significantly boosted maize yield (2022: 4.04%-33.53%; 2023: 2.58%-26.98%) and exhibited the least soybean yield reduction under intercropping compared to SJSJ.
Correlation and redundancy analyses demonstrated that MBC, MBN, and MBP were highly significantly positively correlated with SOC, TN, and TP contents ( p < 0.01), whereas qMBC and qMBN exhibited highly significant negative correlations with SOC, TP, SOC/TP, TN/TP, C/P imb , and N/P imb ( p < 0.01).
Interaction effect analysis revealed that biochar and interannual variation had highly significant interactions (P< 0.01) only for soil pH, EC, and available potassium, with no significant interaction effects on SOC, hydrolyzable nitrogen, or available phosphorus. 3.2.
According to Table 2 , we found that both N form and plant organ had a highly significant effect on TN ( p < 0.01), but the interaction between them had no significant effect on TN.
However, the germination of SiGRF5- OE, SiGRF6- OE, and SiGRF8- OE lines was faster than that of Col-0 under 0.5 μM ABA by ∼9, 5, and 11% on average in the third day after seed imbibition, respectively, and reached an extremely significant differences ( P < 0.01) ( Supplementary Figure S2 ).
Statistical analysis revealed that the crude protein content in the 3% and 5% treatment groups was significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.05), whereas the 4% treatment group showed a highly significant increase compared to the control (P < 0.01) ( Figure 1 ). 3.2.
Five SNPs in close proximity to the major association signal on chromosome Vu11 displayed highly significant deviations (P ≤ 0.01) from the null expectation of no marker–phenotype correlation, supporting their strong association with genomic regions influencing Striga resistance in cowpea ( Table 6 ).
Two-way Analysis of Variance (Two-way ANOVA) showed that there were highly significant differences in callus yield among different CIMs and among different rice genotypes ( P <0.01); in addition, there was also a highly significant interaction between CIMs and rice genotypes on the effect of callus yield ( P <0.01) ( Supplementary Table S1 ).
Correlation analysis Based on the Pearson correlation analysis ( Pan et al., 2024 ) of 23 quality traits in frost mulberry leaves from 21 mulberry varieties ( Figure 1 ), 16 pairs of indicators exhibited highly significant correlations ( P < 0.01), while 12 pairs showed significant correlations ( P < 0.05).
However, the water-N interaction was highly significant ( p < 0.01), indicating that the availability of water influences the impact of N on growth metrics.
To identify the photosynthesis-related core genes and metabolites specifically induced by BL+Pyr treatment, 37 highly significant correlation pairs with Pearson’s correlation coefficient >0.99 and p-value<0.01 were further selected for correlation network analysis.
MDA was found to have a highly significant negative correlation with SOD, chlorophyll a (Chla), chlorophyll b (Chlb), and total chlorophyll (Chl (a+b)) ( P < 0.01).
In leaves (LEAF), GA demonstrated the most prominent correlation effects, showing highly significant associations with nine DEGs (p < 0.01) and significant correlations with eight DEGs (p < 0.05), with the number of significantly correlated genes substantially exceeding that of IAA and CTK.
In fact, we could observe a highly significant ( p < 0.01) length reduction in 7-day-old dark grown int1.1 hypocotyls on both media (Figures 2A,C,E ).
This study demonstrated that citrus fruit quality was predominantly influenced by intercropping duration (years), key soil properties (pH and available potassium, AK), and specific soil microbial taxa ( Ascomycota , Acidobacteriota , and Proteobacteria ), exhibiting highly significant strong correlations (| ρ | ≥ 0.8, p < 0.01). 4 Discussion Cropping systems significantly influence orchard soil ecosystems by altering physical characteristics, chemical properties, and microbial communities—factors critically determining crop performance and quality ( Wang T. et al., 2022 ; Li C. et al., 2023 ; Duan et al., 2024 ).
With the increase of fertilization level F 0 to F 2 , the GP and GR of WL354HQ and Xinmu No.4 alfalfa showed an increasing trend, and the GP was highest in F 2 W 2 treatment (0.83% and 0.83%), which were 33.87% and 31.75% higher than that of F 0 W 1 , respectively ( P < 0.01).
The results ( Table 2 ) showed that both maize variety and drought stress treatment had highly significant effects (p < 0.01) on all germination- and seedling-stage traits.
In the endosperm, there were highly significant and strong positive correlations between DMA and Fe ( r = 0.702; P ≤ 0.01) and DMA and NA ( r = 0.943; P ≤ 0.01), whereas no significant correlation was found between DMA and other metals ( Supplementary Table S2 ).
Both PAL and C4H demonstrate strong, highly significant correlations with flavonoids and phenolic acids (p<0.01, r>0.4), while 4CL shows weak or non-significant correlations with these metabolites (p>0.05, r<0.2).
The yield of Sapindus mukorossi showed a highly significant linear positive correlation with the integrated scores (r=0.70, p <0.01).
The combined treatment of salt stress and PGPR-HRW had a highly significant effect on both CAT and proline ( p < 0.01). 3.3.
The results revealed that both the pink and purple modules exhibited a highly significant negative correlation with monoterpene M1 (p<0.01), while the black module showed a significant negative correlation with monoterpene M5 (p<0.05).
All comparisons were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05 and highly significant at P < 0.01.
Soil organic carbon content The influence of Y and T on the soil organic carbon content was highly significant (P<0.01; Figure 4 ).