Excerpts

The significance level was set at P < 0.05, with highly significant differences defined as P < 0.01.

The correlation analysis results showed the following: (1) Among single-band features, the GREEN band exhibited a highly significant correlation with nitrogen content (p< 0.01) with an absolute correlation coefficient |r| > 0.7; the NIR band showed a significant correlation with nitrogen content (p ≤ 0.05) with |r| > 0.6; (2) Among vegetation indices, NDVI, RVI, DVI, NDWI, and CARI displayed highly significant correlations with nitrogen content (p< 0.01, |r| > 0.7); GNDVI, RDVI, MSR, and MTCI showed significant correlations with nitrogen content (p ≤ 0.05, |r| > 0.6); (3) The correlations between the remaining spectral variables and nitrogen content did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05). 3.2.

Branch number, plant height, leaf dimensions (width and length), and petiole characteristics (length and diameter) exhibited highly significant differences ( P < 0.01).

At higher salt treatments, 100, 150, and 200 mM, a highly significant ( P < 0.01) increase in root length was recorded compared to WT.

According to the p-values, soil moisture content (A), soil temperature (B), and electrode insertion depth (C), all had highly significant effects on soil EC (P< 0.01).

Water use efficiency for each interval (WUEn) calculated using Equation 2 exhibited highly significant sensitivity at S1, S3, S4, and S6 (p< 0.01).

When χ 2< 3.841, the interspecific association is not significant ( p > 0.05); when 3.841 ≤ χ 2 ≤ 6.635, the association is significant (0.01< p ≤ 0.05); and when χ 2 > 6.635, the association is highly significant ( p < 0.01).

In correlation analyses between bacterial/fungal species richness and maize yield components, bacterial and fungal richness exerted a highly significant positive effect on maize yield (p<0.01), suggesting that a favorable microbial environment promotes maize yield.

In the 2024–2025 season, an extremely significant negative correlation emerged between PA and SLN ( P < 0.01; Table 2 ), indicating that more prostrate growth habits were associated with reduced leaf necrosis.

Analysis of variance revealed that rice types had a significant effect on R Y (P< 0.05) and highly significant effects on the G P , S R , and G W (P< 0.01), no significant effect on the E P (P > 0.05).

Variance components due to genotype were highly significant ( p < 0.01) by the likelihood ratio test for all traits in the per se trials ( Table 2 ).

GP showed highly significant positive correlations ( p < 0.01) with GR, GI, VI, shoot fresh weight (SFW), and shoot dry weight (SDW), indicating that a higher GP reflects an enhanced early germination and seedling vigor under alkaline stress.

Pairwise tests in Table 5 confirm these results: all four dimensions are significant at α = 0.05 against every baseline, and several remain highly significant at p < 0.01, including Accuracy and Traceability versus DeepSeek-R1 (p<0.001).

The nitrogen application rate had a highly significant effect on all indicators ( P < 0.01), and variety and growing year had significant effects on most indicators.

The decrease in the rubber content in the latex of CATAS7-33-97 was significant at the middle stage (30 min) ( P < 0.05) and highly significant at the late stage (60 min) ( P < 0.01) of latex flow.

reticulata , leaf thickness showed highly significant positive correlations with both upper epidermis thickness and spongy tissue thickness ( p < 0.01), while palisade tissue thickness was significantly positively correlated with stomatal width ( p < 0.01).

Effect on dry matter quality of quinoa under different irrigation and nitrogen application treatments The analysis of variance results ( Table 2 ) revealed that both irrigation level and nitrogen application rate had highly exerted highly significant effects on dry matter accumulation in quinoa across all growth stages ( p < 0.01).

The analyses of Y, T, and Y × T as a source of variation of treatment effect showed that all three had a highly significant effect on the kernel number per ear ( p < 0.01; Figure 9 ).

Phlorizin, trilobatin, and total dihydrochalcone glycosides all showed negative correlations with color values: phlorizin showed a significant negative correlation with L* (P < 0.05), while the other two showed highly significant negative correlations (P < 0.01).

elevation, and slope of the observation points are extremely significant ( p< 0.01), and the correlations with slope and latitude are not significant ( p > 0.01); The correlation between the above-ground biomass of meadows and the longitude, latitude and elevation of the observation sites reached a highly significant level ( P < 0.01), while the correlation with slope and gradient was not significant ( P > 0.01).

We used both the fold change (absolute value ≥ 1) and P -value (significant ∗ , P -value ≤ 0.05; extremely significant ∗∗ , P -value ≤ 0.01) to define the significance of the expression.

The comparison analysis of POD activity between the resistant and susceptible rice lines showed markedly significant differences ( P < 0.01) at all the time points.

ANOVA indicated highly significant effects ( p <0.01) of genotypes, environments, and genotype × environment interactions on PC and OC ( Table 1 ).

The phenotypic values of the two genotypes (AA-GG and AA-CC) at the two loci of epiFE-D04-6 and epiFE-D13-1 were both extremely significant difference in the t -test ( P -value < 0.01).

Correlation analysis Correlation analysis revealed that AsA and T-AsA showed highly significant positive correlations with GLDH, APX, MDHAR, and DHAR ( r ≥ 0.72, p < 0.01, Figure 6 ).