Excerpts

Analysis of variance Pooled analysis of variance demonstrated highly significant effects of genotype, environment, and genotype × environment interaction ( p < 0.001) for all studied characters ( Table 3 ), reflecting substantial genetic variability and pronounced differential responses of genotypes across temperature regimes.

Although marginally significant ( p = 0.001), the height of transgenic plants was only 8% lower than that of Columbia compared to ∼40% reduction seen in 3KO plants (Figure 1 E).

All nine indices showed highly significant treatment effects in 2023 and 2024 (p< 0.001), while seven remained significant in 2025 (p< 0.001).

Highly significant correlations (P< 0.001) were observed between the measured and predicted values for soil pH and the four physicochemical parameters (SOM, AN, AP, and AK), demonstrating the exceptional performance of the established models.

Furthermore, the Plant hormone signal transduction pathway (ko04075) exhibited highly significant enrichment (p < 0.001).

Moreover, GC1 demonstrated a highly significant positive correlation with GCall (P < 0.001).

A Pearson correlation-based comparison between the canopy height (pixels, from 50 plants) and the aerial biomass (the average of the five measured plants) revealed a highly significant correlation, with an R 2 of 0.90 ( P < 0.001) ( Figure 2B ).

For further confirmation, the highly significant ( P < 0.001) genetic differentiation between populations was demonstrated by AMOVA ( Supplementary Table S4 ).

At week 6 (the third harvest date), there was a highly significant interaction between treatments ( P = 0.001) indicating that plant species and temperature influenced the biomass of endophyte mycelia ( Tables 1 , 2 ).

It is at the level of 180 g per plant per year, highly significant ( p < 0.001) with R 2 = 0.64 ( Supplementary Figure S1 , depicting all the individual plant replications of the selected families, as well as the corresponding frequency distributions of each year).

The blue module exhibited a highly significant positive correlation with ASA ( P < 0.001) and significant correlations with Pro and H 2 O 2 , while the turquoise module showed significant negative correlations with ASA and H 2 O 2 ( P < 0.001) and Pro ( P < 0.01).

Significant variance components and narrow-sense heritability identified When assessing the 92 populations in the field, population by locations interactions were highly significant ( p ≤ 0.001) for biomass, growth habit and leaf size across years and seasons ( Tables 3 , 4 ).

In this controlled context ( Figure 7 ), a highly significant Treatment × Genotype × Root layer interaction ( p < 0.001) was observed for five traits.

For TFC, highly significant effects were also observed for rootstock (F = 37.988, p < 0.001) and time (F = 19.917, p < 0.001).

The effect of genotype by environment interaction (GEI) was also highly significant (P< 0.001) for the majority of the traits but had no significant effect on vegetative yield.

In comparison, the majority of the lines expressing ΔN ZmL (2 lines) or any of the chimeric DGAT1s (2–4 lines identified from each construct) had highly significant ( P < 0.001) increases in lipid levels compared to both wild type and their respective null siblings ( Table 2 and Supplementary Tables 4 , 5 ).

C 4 ) was highly significant ( p < 0.001), and so it was between the roots of the C 3 and C 4 plants ( p < 0.001).

Highly significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed for all traits at Bunda location (peduncle length, days to 50% flowering, days to 90% maturity, pods per plant, seeds per pod, seed length, seed width, 100-seed weight, and grain yield).

In both trials, statistical analysis indicates highly significant survival reduction for dsMESH treatment (p<0.001; Supplementary Data 1.9 ).

Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the between-population variation accounts for 41% of the total molecular variation and the genetic divergence was highly significant ( F st = 0.256; P < 0.001).

The whole plant analysis indicated that these differences in shikimate accumulation were already apparent 48 h after treatment and after 96 h, a highly significant ( p < 0.001, DF = 1, n = 10) 2.5-fold greater shikimate concentration was found in leaves of the SG biotype ( Figure 2A ).

Global PERMANOVA revealed that the experimental groups collectively explained a highly significant proportion of ionomic variance (R2 = 0.490, P = 0.001), with homogeneous within-group dispersions confirmed prior to interpretation (Beta-dispersion test, P = 0.753).

Results Treatment Effects on Plant Traits Including cultivar group and N-level as fixed effects, N-level main effects were highly significant ( p < 0.001) for most traits (Table 2 ).

Similarly, the environment effect was highly significant (P ≤ 0.001, P ≤ 0.01, and P ≤ 0.05) for all the evaluated traits except for 4 traits (LA, LL, LW, SD) in ‘1-XY’בN188’, two trait (H, PL) in ‘ZL-3’בN188’, another trait (H) in both ‘ZL-3’בN188’ and the joint family.

The genetic differentiation coefficient among populations is 0.129 and is highly significant (P < 0.001, based on 1,000 permutations).