Excerpts

Except for MC19, however, there were highly significant ( P ≤ 0.001) correlations between the IR and DR treatments within a site-year and between the Ave_IR and Ave_DR ratings ( r = 0.8, Supplementary Table 3 ).

The overall differences between pathogen loading values across severity groups were highly significant (Kruskal-Wallis test; p < 0.001).

The global effect of both species and exposure (sun/shade) on the physiological variables of field samples was highly significant ( p < 0.001).

All the results were highly significant (P < 0.001).

Soybean yield response as affected by Rh inoculation and P application A one-way ANOVA testing the effect of the treatment on grain yield was highly significant for the SS (F = 65.4, P< 0.001), NGS (F = 86.6, P< 0.001), and SGS (F = 127.3, P< 0.001) agroecological zones, respectively ( Figure 3 ).

There was a highly significant difference in cell length between the developmental phases ( X 2 = 234.44; d.f. 2; p < 0.001), which a posthoc Dunn test indicated was significant between each developmental phase (p < 0.001).

Differential Expression of Moisture Stress-Responsive Genes The interaction effect of temperature, SMC, and time-points on different moisture stress-responsive genes was found to be highly significant ( p < 0.001) in both genotypes, but the interaction effect for NCED gene in the genotype JG 11 was only significant at 5% ( Table 4 ).

Notably, pH showed highly significant negative correlations with TN, AN, OM, Acp, Sa, B/F-a, and B/F/Ar-s ( p < 0.001).

For the growth rate in ground diameter (GRD), the main effects of cultivar, time, and treatment, as well as all their interactions, exhibited highly significant effects (p<0.001, Table 3 ).

Highly significant (p < 0.001) elevation of IVTDMD was also recorded in mutant lines Msc3h-013 and Msc3h-158 with a relative advantage of 8% and 10% over EV, respectively ( Figure 4E , Supplementary Table S1 ), followed by Msc3h-121 with a relative advantage of 5% over EV, which was not statistically significant ( Figure 4E , Supplementary Table S1 ).

A highly significant positive correlation was found between Zn and Fe ( r = 0.54; P < 0.001) content of the breeding lines, therefore it was possible to breed for both properties in parallel.

Notably, there was a highly significant linear relationship between zinc content in the dry matter of straw (r=0.805, p=<0.001) and milled rice (r=0.726, p=<0.001) with grain yield ( Figure 5 ).

Highly significant positive linear correlation ( r = 0.97, p = 0.001) were observed between the number of trichomes and increase in artemisinin content.

As shown in Figure 4B , five module–trait relationships (indicated with red underlines) were highly significant ( P value < 0.001) ( Figure 5B ).

Varietal differences were highly significant ( P < 0.001) for the majority of all parameters.

All nine indices showed highly significant treatment effects in 2023 and 2024 (p< 0.001), while seven remained significant in 2025 (p< 0.001).

Type-III ANOVA identified highly significant main effects of grazing (F = 62.67, P < 0.001, partial η 2 = 0.68) and fertilization (F = 14.44, P < 0.001, partial η 2 = 0.49), with a moderate interaction effect (F = 4.00, P = 0.029, partial η 2 = 0.21; Supplementary Table 1 ).

Global PERMANOVA revealed that the experimental groups collectively explained a highly significant proportion of ionomic variance (R2 = 0.490, P = 0.001), with homogeneous within-group dispersions confirmed prior to interpretation (Beta-dispersion test, P = 0.753).

Notably, the wrinkled seed phenotype exhibited a highly significant (p < 0.001) negative correlation with starch content (r = -0.71, Table 4 ).

AMOVA results showed that the genetic differences between and within populations were extremely significant ( P < 0.001), at 6.01 and 93.99%, respectively, indicating that the genetic differences mainly came from within populations.

Key findings are summarized below (main Effects and Interactions): ➢ Planting Spacing: Highly significant effect (F=197.042, p < 0.001) in the first analysis, with similar significance in subsequent models. ➢ Travel Speed: Also, highly significant (F = 240.250, p < 0.001) in the first analysis, though significance varied across models (e.g., F=3.509 F =3.509, p=0.015 p =0.015 in the third analysis). ➢ Interaction (Spacing × Speed): Significant in the first two analyses (p<0.001 p <0.001) but non-significant in the third (p=0.999 p =0.999), suggesting context-dependent effects. 1.

Tolerance ranking, i.e., quantifying the effect of drought on temporal or harvest traits, found that drought has a highly significant effect (p< 0.001) on temporal traits in all lines ( Figure 2B ).

The ANOVA results revealed highly significant differences ( p < 0.001) across the genotypes (G) and genotype × year (G × Y) interactions but no significant differences between the two years (Y) ( Table 1 ). 3.3 Resequencing of sweet potato genotype resources and SNP calling Sequencing was performed after constructing a GBS library of the 96 genotypes.

The effect of genotype by environment interaction (GEI) was also highly significant (P< 0.001) for the majority of the traits but had no significant effect on vegetative yield.

The genotypic variation was highly significant (P<0.001) at two severe stressed (Beg-WL and Hyd-DT) and two moderate stress sites (Hyd-WL and Nht-DT).