Excerpts

Food intake and body weight In the responder study, repeated-measures ANOVA of daily food intake revealed a highly significant effect of diet, time, and their interactions (all p < 0.001; Figure 1A ), where rats fed the soluble dietary fibers GLUC (10% w/w oat beta-glucan), FOS (10% w/w fructooligosaccharides), and PECT (10% w/w pectin) each had significantly lower daily food intakes relative to those fed either 5% (CONT) or 10% (CELL) w/w cellulose control diets ( Figure 1A ).

Correlation analysis Among the six morphological variables, the number of setae had a highly significant positive correlation with the acervuli population ( p < 0.001) and a significant negative correlation with the appressoria population ( p < 0.01) ( Figure 4 ).

By all data collected, a slight positive—but highly significant—correlation ( p < 0.001) was found between the parameters DON and fungal DNA detected in kernels.

Only Lactobacillus showed a highly significant negative correlation with starch ( P < 0.001) but showed a highly significant positive correlation with acidity and moisture ( P < 0.001).

However, we still found highly significant differences across host clades and species when we analyzed the runs separately (by blocking), or together with run as an interactive effect (all P < 0.001, Supplementary Table 2 ).

(2020) described highly significant shifts ( p < 0.001, mostly a decrease) in the abundance of 27 bacterial species in T2DM patients.

Chi-square test demonstrated an extremely significant difference in mortality between the infected group and control groups ( x 2 = 46.67, p < 0.001).

The infection was low in MLN (one sample t -test, P = 0.119, n = 5), whereas highly significant in spleen (one sample t -test, P = 0.001, n = 5) and liver (one sample t -test, P = 0.023, n = 5) on day 1 PI.

Welch’s t -test showed an extremely significant difference in alpha diversity between water and sediment samples ( p < 0.001) ( Figures 8A – D ).

In terms of bacteria ( Figure 3 ), almost all α -diversity indices displayed a highly significant difference ( p < 0.001) between group S_0 and groups K3, K4, and K8.

A similar distribution pattern was observed for total amo A gene abundance, resulting in a highly significant correlation between total amo A and 16S rRNA gene abundance of Thaumarchaeota (log AOA = 0.82 + 0.84 log 16S rRNA, r 2 = 0.7, p < 0.001, n = 351).

In the fungal community, both indices of the Tb groups exhibited lower values than those of the CK groups, particularly in the Shannon index, which displayed highly significant differences across all regions ( p < 0.001).

On a relative basis, the FBA gene of the F10-D strain presented extremely significant upregulation on days 5 and 7 in YPD + Fru medium, with a 1.4-fold increase on day 5 ( p < 0.001) compared to that in the YPD group; the FBA gene of the T17-D strain in YPD + Fru medium was upregulated on days 1, 3, and 5, with a 1.5-fold increase on day 5 ( p < 0.05); the FBA gene of the TF15-A strain was extremely significantly upregulated on days 1, 3, 5, and 7, and the expression level was upregulated almost 2.5-fold ( p < 0.001) on day 5.

In contrast, grouping factors including species and treatment explained as much as 74.79% of the variation in fungal communities, with a highly significant effect ( R 2 = 0.7479, p = 0.001).

Additionally, significant differences were observed in the Simpson index of soil bacteria between RF-B and both IR-B and RF-A treatments ( p < 0.05), while the difference between RF-B and IR-C as well as RF-C treatments was extremely significant ( p < 0.001).

The expression of the four virulence genes, nheA , cytK , hblD and entFM , were higher than that of the control group when incubated at 30°C, and the difference between each group and the control group (37°C) were highly significant ( p < 0.001).

And we observed highly significant differences ( P < 0.001) in Actinobacterial diversity of the soil from YS7 and that from YS4 and YS8 sites.

Mantel correlation further indicated that while the bacterial community structure of the FL and PA size fractions were significantly different (ANOSIM test: R = 0.37, p < 0.001; Supplementary Table S9 ), there was a highly significant positive relationship between the two size fractions ( r = 0.92, p < 0.001; Partial mantel test) ( Figure 8 ).

Post-hoc tests showed N amendment was highly significant at Pellston ( p = 0.001) and not significant at Wexford ( p > 0.1).

tolaasii strains NCPPB2192, USB1 and USB66 caused a highly significant reduction ( P < 0.001) of broccoli seedlings growth, compared to the water control ( Figure 4A ).

In this study, there were significant ( p < 0.05) differences in MK content between day 22 and 28 in C1, C2, and C6, while extremely significant ( p < 0.001) differences were observed in C3, C4, and C5, suggesting the suitability of C1, C2, and C6 as fermentation substrates for appropriately shortened-term fermentation processes.

*, p < 0.05 (considered significant compared with control group); **, p < 0.01 (considered highly significant); ***, p < 0.001 (considered extremely significant). 3.

The LR test of the GLMM revealed that there was a highly significant effect of the bacterial strains, floral origins and their interaction “Bacterial strains × Floral origins” ( P < 0.001) on the variation of antimicrobial activity of Saharan honeys (Table 3 ).

Carbonate Chemistry Observations showed that DIC ( Figure 2A ) and A T ( Figure 2B ) were consistently higher in the muddy sediment compared to the sandy sediment across all treatments, and sediment was highly significant for both A T ( p < 0.001) and DIC ( p < 0.001).

The reduction in the CFUs recovered from lungs of the aP- aP-, aP- OMV P-, and aP-wP–immunized mice ranged from 2.9 to 3.6 orders of magnitude (non-significant differences between those treatments) in comparison to the highly significant difference relative to non-immunized animals ( p < 0.001).