Excerpts

For diabetes, the ASPMR continuously increased until 2009 (APC 7.1%), then, a decreasing trend from 2009 to 2013 (APC − 12.3%), whereas an increasing trend from 2013 to 2018 (APC 5.1%) was observed without significance (AAPC -1.3, 95% CI [− 6.1 to 3.8%]) (Table 3 ).

Some studies have described a decreasing trend in the prevalence of hepatitis B among young people and an increasing trend among the elderly [ 20 – 22 ].

However, higher satisfaction in the home office of the risk cluster is almost significant, interestingly in the opposite direction to the hypothesis.

Despite recent progress in HIV prevention [ 2 , 3 ], HIV prevalence has an increasing trend in Iran [ 4 , 5 ].

In a study conducted in Hubei Province, China, the results of the spatial pattern of the Moran coefficient showed spatial clusters with an increasing trend and a sudden change, revealing that the high concentration of population caused the outbreak of the Corona-virus in the province [ 23 ].

In contrast to a decreasing trend in HIV incidence in people who inject drugs and in sex workers, HIV infections in MSM increased by 25% between 2010 and 2019 [ 1 ].

This indicates a positive trend in mobile phone ownership over time, and the gap in ownership of mobile phone between men and women is narrowing, consistent with previous findings [ 50 ].

The insufficient HPV knowledge may result from participants’ low capacity to obtain HPV-related information, a tendency we observed in our data that was only marginally significant.

Another Canadian study of 3604 children conducted in 2013 suggested that household income and childhood uptake of measles vaccine did not show a clear trend [ 15 ].

For breast cancer in mothers, baseline rates of any breastfeeding at 6 months after birth were used, as evidence suggests that the effect of breastfeeding on the incidence of breast cancer may be significant from 6 months of breastfeeding onwards [ 17 , 18 ].

This slightly improved model performance Our approach is justified by the observation that we found a highly significant linear relationship between daily maximal temperature and PPR with all other potential predictor variables kept constant.

[ 4 ] analyzed average annual percent change (AAPC) for OA/RA in China from 1990 to 2017, the AAPC in the age-standardized rate of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) indicated an increasing trend for rheumatoid arthritis (0.20, 95% CI: 0.07–0.34), osteoarthritis (0.26, 95% CI: 0.20–0.31), respectively.

The above data shows an increasing trend in hypertension among T2DM patients in Bangladesh.

A worrying trend was also observed in European countries, where 12% of patients were not on LLM at hospital discharge following admission for cardiac procedure or event, and the proportion had increased to 16% during follow up 1 year later [ 23 ].

There is also manual sampling and a statistical trend analysis to monitor the expected range of records and deviations are investigated.

This population could be considered self-selective as only 22% of FSW and 17% of MSM continued taking PrEP up to the third month, and there may be significant differences in risk-compensation between those who continued with PrEP and those who did not.

Compared with the ISUD model, where age and cohort effects were mainly statistically significant, these effects were hardly significant for the distinct illicit substances.

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends vaccinating all MSM up through age of 26 years due to the increased risk of anal cancer in this key population [ 21 ] A recent meta-analysis [ 22 ] has reported the average HPV vaccine acceptability among MSM of 63% with the highest from China (97%) [ 23 ] and the lowest from Australia (30%) [ 24 ], however an increasing trend of vaccine uptake is being reported by others over time [ 25 ].

Regardless, the current study also included quantitative measures, though comparison p-values may be significant by chance.

The incidence of meningococcal disease was higher in the beginning of study period compared with the end, with a decreasing trend over the years (Fig. 2 ).

An inverse borderline significant association was found between leisure time physical activity and stroke among all participants in the multivariable adjusted model (HR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.73–1.00; p for trend = 0.06) (Table 5 ).

When we repeated the analyses after categorizing the exposure variable into deciles, we similarly found an inverse association between leisure time physical activity and the risk of MI in the fully adjusted model with a 41% lower risk in subjects in the ninth (HR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.43–0.82) and a 22% lower risk in subjects in the highest decile (HR: 0.78: 95% CI: 0.56–1.10) compared to the lowest, with a significant trend ( p for trend = 0.03).

Again, a decreasing trend was repeated between exam V to exam VI.

In contrast, Zheng et al.'s study among more than eighty thousand Chinese participants over the 24-year follow-up reported an increasing trend in the age-adjusted hypertension rate from 32.2% in 1991 to 60.0% in 2015 [ 25 ].

In the diabetic population, although men's risk score dropped from 13.79 to 11.54, women's risk score fluctuated over time and generally did not show a favorable trend.