Beta-blocker use and survival outcomes in colorectal cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

19 , 20 , 22 – 24 , 28 , 29 , 32 The pooled results indicated a marginally significant reduction in CSM risk among BB users (HR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.81–1.00; Z = 1.95; P = 0.05).

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In contrast, among patients who underwent surgical treatment, BB exposure was associated with a borderline significant reduction in ACM (HR = 0.65; 95% CI: 0.42–1.00; Z = 1.95; P = 0.05), although the heterogeneity within this subgroup remained high (I 2 = 98%, P < 0.00001).

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31 also suggested a favorable trend (HR = 0.89), the association did not demonstrate statistical significance.

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Among patients receiving bevacizumab, beta-blocker use was linked to improved median overall survival (hazard ratio = 0.70; 95% confidence interval: 0.56–0.87), whereas a nonsignificant trend toward improved median progression-free survival was observed (hazard ratio = 0.79; 95% confidence interval: 0.60–1.05).

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