Spatiotemporal variability and trends in extreme rainfall and temperature indices in Southeastern Oromia, Ethiopia.

Among all the stations, 33.33% demonstrated a significant trend in TXn.

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In contrast, the CWD index, tracking consecutive wet days, demonstrates a positive trend, indicating longer wet spells over time (Fig. 7 j).

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Likewise, 44.44% of climate stations recorded a positive trend in the annual minimum value of daily maximum temperature (TXn), while another 44.44% displayed a negative trend (Tables 7 and 8 ).

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Specifically, Ginir, Wadera, Agarfa, and Bokoji show an increasing trend, while Adola, Dodola, Bore, and Sinana demonstrate a decreasing trend.

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The SDII, measuring daily precipitation intensity, also displays a weak trend (Fig. 7 i), suggesting a subtle decline in rainfall intensity per wet day, which could reflect changes in storm characteristics or moisture availability 66 .

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