Shrub abundance showed a decreasing trend with island area ( P = 0.119) ( Figure 2c ) but an increasing trend with isolation ( P = 0.075) ( Figure 2f ), though the relationships were not statistically significant.
On islands with greater isolation, shrub abundance was higher, although this trend was close to being statistically significant.
The findings from the structural equation modeling (SEM) demonstrate that the direct effects of island area and isolation are highly significant, which is consistent with studies conducted on various islands.