a positive trendgold
The age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) for UTI exhibited a positive trend (EAPC = 1.02, 95% CI 0.95–1.10), while the ASMR for urolithiasis showed a declining pattern (EAPC = − 1.02, 95% CI − 1.24 to − 0.80) over recent decades (Table 1 ; Additional file 1 : Table S1 and Fig.