Excerpts

The variation in ancestry seen in the admixture maps of Figure 1 also result in highly significant correlations of the three ancestries with altitude of birthplace (p-values <2×10 −16 for the three ancestries): African and European ancestry decreases with altitude (r of −0.24 and −0.39, respectively), while Native American ancestry increases (r = 0.48).

The association between miR-100 and EMT markers was further validated in human tumors: from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) breast cancer data [17] , we observed a moderate but significant inverse correlation between miR-100 and E-cadherin expression levels ( Rs = −0.1, P = 0.006, Figure 1F ) and a highly significant positive correlation between miR-100 and vimentin expression levels ( Rs = 0.43, P <2×10 −16 , Figure 1G ). miR-100 suppresses tumor growth and is downregulated in human breast cancer We performed TCGA data analysis to determine the expression levels of miR-100 and miR-22 in human breast cancer.

Evolutionary niche shift in response to the mean salinity The mean salinity experienced during evolution had a highly significant effect on acclimated tolerance surfaces ( P < 2 × 10 –16 , likelihood‐ratio test—hereafter LRT—between models with vs. without effects of salinity mean).

However, the overlap between these two very different approaches is highly significant (Fisher's exact test, p < 2 × 10 −16 ), and the functional enrichments they identify are similar (see below).

In particular, in 10-fold cross-validation experiments on held-out genes, we obtained a mean Spearman rank correlation between predicted and measured gene expression changes of 0.174, a modest but highly significant result ( P <2e−16), shown in Figure 2A .

The molecular essence of all samples was consistent between measurements on the solariX and scimaX systems, with ANOVA revealing highly significant differences among sample groups ( p < 2 × 10 –16 ).

Of these 316 genes, 81.5% (256) were found in our original list, a highly significant overlap ( P < 2 × 10 -16 , Fisher's exact test), demonstrating the reproducibility of our methodology.

We found the effect of rurality to be highly significant ( P < 2.0 × 10 -16 ), but it explains only 28% of the overall variation in log positional error magnitude.

For males both age and puberty score were highly significant in predicting height at age 11 (r 2 = .17, p<2e −16 ) and 14 (r 2 = .23, p<2e −16 ).

This shift is highly significant compared with either the simulated random distribution ( p = 2 × 10 −16 ) or the distribution from the glucose-grown cells ( p = 2 × 10 −11 ; Wilcoxon rank sum test).

Finally, LASSO analysis was not adjusted for age due to its high correlation with diagnosis (Pearson r = 0.74) and strong potential for solely predicting diagnosis, indicating a highly significant association (logistic regression estimate = 0.225, p < 2e‐16, Akaike information criterion [AIC] = 124,231).

A model without interaction showed a highly significant effect of voxel on spectral quality ( Fig. 3 a ; F (1,79.12) = 183.73, p < 2 × 10 −16 ), with LO linewidth broader than EVC.

This difference is highly significant ( Figure 2A , Figure 2—figure supplement 1 , p-value<2.10 −16 ).

A paired t-test confirms that this difference is evidently highly significant (p-value<2.10 -16 ).

Additionally, no effect of larvae stage was observed for NCR whereas the other factors were highly significant ( p value <2.10 −16 and 1.39.10 −8 for Paraquat concentration and NAC, respectively).

The haplotype (rs2004640T–rs2280714T) involved in both the alternative splice donor site and the elevated expression of IRF5 also had a highly significant association with SLE (pooled, P = 2.11 × 10 -16 ).

This overlap was highly significant as represented by the odds ratio of 38.41-fold over what would be expected by random chance and the p -value < 2.16E-16 (two-sided binomial test).

Based on mutation screening and results from 2SC immunohistochemistry, the difference in MED12 mutation and biallelic FH inactivation frequencies between uterine leiomyomas from HLRCC patients and sporadic conventional uterine leiomyomas is highly significant ( P <2.2 × 10 −16 ).

Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction revealed highly significant changes for old versus young cortex and hippocampus circRNA TPM values ( P < 2.2 E-16) ( Fig. 2d ).

glaberrima are ∼99.5% identical on average, the differences in sequence conservation between promoters and intergenic sequences are small, but the large sample size assures that they are highly significant ( P value <2.2E−16).

This test revealed a highly significant difference in the overall distribution ( X-squared = 81.204,df = 4, P -value < 2.2e-16 ).

These differences are highly significant (X 2 test p-value < 2.2e-16).

Comparing the two sets of genes, we observed a highly significant overlap of 193 genes whose expression was altered by either IL-1β treatment and IL-1R8 deficiency (Fischer’s exact test; P value = 2.2e-16; Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.95; 61.7% downregulated and 38.3% upregulated, Supplementary file 3 ).

All four of the tested trait correlations were highly significant when evaluating the spatial relationships (both current and future) between predicted trait distributions (Figure 6 ; p = 2.2e −16 ).

A highly significant correlation (R 2 = 0.94–0.96, P < 2.2e-16) confirmed the accuracy of the 3D scanning method ( Fig.