Excerpts

Strikingly, PFC Aliceblue and NAc Cadetblue 2 showed a highly significant overlap in their gene content, with 72 overlapping genes ( S2 Table ; p = 2.2 x 10 −16 ).

As with sequence similarity, whereas there is a significant trend for proteins that are among the top 0.5% of co-expressing pairs to share related ligands, (χ 2 = 1.3e3, p < 2.2e-16), pragmatically the effect size is marginal and only 9.3% of the top 15% of co-expressed pairs show any SEA interactions at all ( Fig 1B ).

That is, traits within a group (e.g., both traits related to pigment level) are more highly significant (p < 2.2e-16 to 0.11, average p = 0.0041) than the significance is of correlations between groups (e.g., one trait is pigment level and another is patterning, p = 4e-13 to 0.99, average p = 0.148) ( S4 Table ).

This difference was highly significant (Mann-Whitney test: U = 2.2×10 7 , P <2.2×10 −16 ).

The difference in the comparison of In100-element flanking exons and the control exon pairs is highly significant (Fisher's Exact Test, P<2.2×10 −16 , df = 1; Figure 4 ).

This shift was highly significant as determined by the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon Test ( P <2.2*10 −16 ).

Strikingly, ten of these hypermethylated AIMS-Seq amplicons were located in the gene promoter region of the downregulated genes ( Aqp4 , Axin2 , Atad5 , Brca1 , Fads1 , Lgr5 , Phgdh , Slc1a2 , Slit2 , St3gal3 ) belonging to the expression signature of the intestinal stem cell [ 7 ], which represents a highly significant enrichment (Fisher exact test, p value <2.2e-16).

These differences are highly significant (X 2 test p-value < 2.2e-16).

For log propodus height, there was no significant difference in the angle of slope between males and females (p = 0.078), but there was a highly significant difference in slope elevation when slope angles were assumed to be equal (p < 2.22 x 10 −16 ) ( Table 2 ), with males having broader log propodus heights than females throughout the size distribution of log carapace lengths ( Fig 5 ).

A Fisher's exact test shows that the association between sampling in China and pattern 1 is highly significant ( p <2.5 ̇10 −16 ).

Oleic acid content showed highly significant differences between the two species ( P ≤ 3.2 × 10 -16 ), yet NaCl had no significant impact on its levels ( P > 0.05) ( Fig 10c ).

Using Pearson’s χ 2 test, we found the difference to be highly significant ( p = 3.4 × 10 −16 ), possibly suggesting a selection against the G/G (CFA5 locus) T/T (FructoCFA3) genotype combination.

This showed a highly significant increased risk of MS associated with smoking with no significant statistical heterogeneity (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.35–1.63, p<10 −15 , heterogeneity: χ 2 = 7.38, p = 0.60; figure 1 ).

A multivariate test of differences between SLE and control subjects based on the first six PCs was highly significant (p < 10 −15 ), as was the test based on only the first PC (p < 10 −15 ).

We have to reject the null hypothesis and this result is highly significant ( p < 10 −15 ).

The average correlation coefficient was 0.511 (standard deviation 0.113) which is highly significant ( P <10 −15 ) for the average protein length of 217 residues in the PDB set.

The differences of the expression distributions between bound and unbound genes for all the transcription factors under study are highly significant (p-value<1e-15).

The difference between means of A and B is highly significant ( P -value < 10 −15 ; two-sided Student's t -test).

Highly significant positive correlations (p<1×10 −15 , Pearson’s correlation) were found between the HG-ST1.0 and HG-Focus microarray values.

This striking decrease is highly significant (P < 10 −15 by the Wilcoxon rank sum test), and more than twice that observed for any other amino acid.

The correlation coefficient at 100 ms is 0.67 (n = 95) and is highly significant (p <10 −15 ).

Of 17,566 detected genes, we identified 1,080 highly significant differentially expressed genes upon viral stimulation (p<1.00E −15 , FDR<1.00E −14 ), including various immune function and inflammation-related genes, genes involved in cell signaling, cell regulation and transcription, and genes with unknown function.

Indeed, the upstream regulator with the most highly significant association with the ISO-regulated gene cohort was determined through Ingenuity analysis to be CREB (p-value = 2.52E-15; z-score for activation = 4.157), confirming that transcriptome analysis of the cardiac RNA samples detected predicted and experimentally observed responses to ISO stimulation.

Despite the spread attributable to differences in etiology, the association between EES groups appears highly significant, with Fisher’s exact test p—value = 4.4 × 10 −15 .

This was shown by way of a simple one sample t-test, which for control plants indicated the distribution of response ratio across samples was not significantly different to 1 (theoretical mean for a distribution based on plants with no CO 2 response) at p < 0.05, whereas deviation from this limit among test plants was highly significant (p = 4.72e -15 ) ( S4 Fig ).