Excerpts

16p13.3 has a cis -effect on MLST8 and possibly PGP Our cis -expression QTL study shows that rs30986 has a highly significant positive correlation with the expression levels of MLST8 in at least 9 brain regions (meta-analysis P =6.9 × 10 −18 , Fig. 2b , Supplementary Fig. 7b ) including the cerebellum (meta-analysis P =4.9 × 10 −5 , see Fig. 2b and Supplementary Table 4 ), temporal cortex, hippocampus and substantia nigra.

Out of the 25 highly significant oil-associated DNA variants (23 SNPs and 2 InDels with p ≤ 1 × 10 −17 ), a 321-bp InDel showed the most significant association ( p = 6.17 × 10 −24 ) (Fig. 1a ).

We found highly significant evidence of positive selection acting on Avian GSTA2 ( p < 10 −17 ; M8 PAML, Supplementary Table 9 ) and identified with high statistical confidence (posterior probabilities >0.99) several GSTA2 sites targeted by this acceleration in evolutionary rates ( d N / d S = 3.50; Fig. 4a ).

These distinctions are highly significant ( P = 7.07 × 10 −17 between TN and FN + FP, P = 2.07 × 10 −19 between TP and FN + FP).

For statistical evaluation, we computed the mean Spearman correlation ( ρ ) between predicted and measured gene expression profiles on held-out genes for each tumor type and obtained mean ρ = 0.384 ± 0.016 for PSIONIC, a highly significant result ( P < 10 −16 , one-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test).

We observed a strong (Pearson correlation coefficient of r = 0.98) and highly significant ( p < 10 −16 ) linear relationship between the number of infected individuals N ( t ) and the method’s incidence correlate φ ( t ).

By comparing the joint mt / apico haplotype frequencies ( Supplementary Table 3 ), we found that the dependence between mt and apico was highly significant ( χ 2 =64,921, d.f.=39,566, P <10 −16 ), providing strong evidence of co-inheritance of the two organelles.

When we considered individual pathogenic CNVs that were not overlapped by benign CNVs (that is, exclusively pathogenic regions), a mean of 37.3% of the genes were developmental genes compared with 24.2% of benign CNV genes (medians 28.4% and 0%, respectively), a highly significant difference ( P <1.0 × 10 −16 , Mann–Whitney U -test).

In comparison, full-field static flashes were represented by waveforms that were 147 ± 4% and 115 ± 2% of the full-field motion responses in the two populations; this difference in the ratio between responses to stationary flashes and full-field motion was highly significant ( p < 10 −16 , Fig. 2e ).

Moreover, pairwise Levene’s tests for equality of variances between ancestry tracts were all highly significant ( p < 1 × 10 −16 ).

Data analysis showed a highly significant reduction of the average CpG methylation levels from 13.8% in control animals to 8.3% in KD samples over sixteen million mapped CpGs ( p < 2e-16, Wilcoxon rank sum test; Fig. 4a ).

We repeated linear regression analyses for the top significant CpGs in RUNX1 (cg12477880) and FLI1 (cg17239923), genes that are known regulators of hematopoiesis, adjusting for deconvoluted blood cell proportions instead of ReFACTor components (see “Methods”), and the associations with DS remained highly significant (both P < 2.0 × 10 −16 ).

RNA-seq and CAGE of CdLS neurons showed highly significant overlap (Odds ratio = 11.86, P < 2.2e-16).

1c ), which exhibited highly significant hypomethylation ( P < 2.2e-16; Fig. 1d ).

Finally, we observed a highly significant increase (one-sided Student’s t -test, p = 2.2 × 10 −16 ) in average epistasis values in the winning CR genotypes compared with the overall population, indicating that positive epistasis plays an important role in determining the fittest genotypes in this selection (Fig. 5b ).

The rescue of genes found differentially expressed in ∆ Firre CLPs by a Firre transgene produced a highly significant result ( P = 2.2e-16, Fisher exact test); however, we note that the widespread changes in gene expression observed in the CLPs from animals only expressing transgenic Firre RNA could also formally contribute to this effect.

This revealed a highly significant agreement of the number of events between paired replicates (Supplementary Fig. 2b , Pearson's correlation 0.997, n = 30, two-sided, p value < 2.2e−16), indicating that uvCLAP events capture the amount of pulled down RNA exceptionally well.

Using an Analysis of variance, we found highly significant differences ( p < 2.2 × 10 −16 ) and a non-parametric Wilcoxon Mann–Whitney test confirmed the significant differences of absolute Spearman correlation in healthy versus diseased samples ( p < 2.2 × 10 −16 ).

glaberrima are ∼99.5% identical on average, the differences in sequence conservation between promoters and intergenic sequences are small, but the large sample size assures that they are highly significant ( P value <2.2E−16).

Considering the noisy estimates of RNA half-lives, also these modest improvements are remarkable, and statistically highly significant ( p < 2.2 × 10 −16 for all three references, t -test).

While the difference between cases and controls is not significant (empirical P =0.070), we observe a highly significant overlap within each group ( P <2.2e−16 for cases and P =4.44e−16 for controls, Supplementary Methods , hypergeometric overlap test).

The beta estimates for these SNPs showed a highly significant linear correlation ( P < 2.2e−16, Fig. 1g, j ).

In addition, 82.5% of DMR-associated transposons are annotated as containing a transposable element gene, a highly significant enrichment compared with all annotated transposons (Fisher’s exact test, P <2.2e−16).

To further quantify these differences, we applied a two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test between the Mean and SD, which demonstrated a highly significant difference ( p -value < 2.2e-16, N = 12,321 compound-compound interactions).

Clustering of MBM regarding β-values of each CpG area revealed a highly significant ( p < 2.2e−16) separation of BRAF mut and BRAF wt /NRAS mut tumors (Fig. 8a , right panel).