Excerpts

Under rainfed conditions, GCA m /sets, GCA f /sets and SCA/sets mean squares were highly significant ( P < 0.001) for all traits except GCA f /sets for BHC, and SCA/sets for HSL, HSW, BHC, and tassel branch length (TBL) ( Table 2 ).

Among the enriched metabolic pathways, three, namely, starch and sucrose metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, and flavonoid biosynthesis, reached a highly significant level of enrichment (P < 0.001) ( Table S6 and Figure S3 ).

Furthermore, the Plant hormone signal transduction pathway (ko04075) exhibited highly significant enrichment (p < 0.001).

All the germination parameters measured showed highly significant correlations ( P < 0.001) with controls following EPPN treatment but this was not so following EPPO treatment, when not all parameters correlated significantly and those that did had lower r values (Table 1 ).

For the three pigment classes, highly significant [ p < 0.001] treatment, genotype and treatment × genotype interaction effects were found.

The high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.98), highly significant p-value (p <0.001), low Root Mean Square Error (RMSE = 0.90 kg m - 2), and high Modeling Efficiency (EF = 0.98) collectively demonstrate an excellent model fit for the calibration dataset.

When combining all five families selected, the percentage of early flowering individuals in the early flowering epimutant lines (74.5%) was nearly six times the percentage of control lines (13.3%, Table 4 ) and a highly significant difference ( p < 0.001) was detected between early flowering families and the control.

Chlorophyll concentration and seedling growth characteristics showed highly significant positive associations with NUE ( P < 0.001).

The main treatment effect on SD was highly significant ( p < 0.001) in all species, whereas that of time effect was only significant ( p = 0.03) in Q. acutissima.

All indicators of seed morphology except LWR present highly significant correlations ( P < 0.001) with latitude.

Projected GLA values showed highly significant Pearson’s correlations ( p < 0.001) with fresh and dry biomass of wheat plants measured at the end of the experiment, r = 1 and r = 0.98, respectively, thus confirming the reliability of image-based shoot biomass assessment.

With a mIoU of 39.66% (± 0.91) versus 25.04% (± 1.81) for the baseline, the observed improvement is highly significant ( p< 0.001).

According to the analysis of variance (two-way ANOVA), the morphological traits L, W, T_RAW, light, and hue were highly significant ( P < 0.001), likewise with V, CS, and saturation ( P < 0.01), indicating a clear association with FHB disease severity level.

SOD activity reached the highest level at the maximal Hg concentration (265.71 ± 7.82 U g –1 min –1 ), and the difference in SOD activity among different Hg treatments was highly significant ( F = 28.755, P < 0.001).

RFV had highly significant negative correlations with ADF, CPY, and NDF ( r = –0.72, –0.66, and –0.89; p <0.001), and CPY had highly significant positive correlations with NDF ( r = 0.68).

As the stress duration extended into the initiation phase (80–90 days), both salt stress and fungal colonization emerged as highly significant independent factors (main effects: P < 0.001).

Highly significant correlations between the SA/JA ratio with redox status [GSH/GSSG ( P < 0.001) and NADPH/NADP + ( P < 0.01) ratios] and the expression of phenylpropanoid synthesis-related genes [ CHS ( P < 0.01), ANR ( P < 0.001), and F5H ( P < 0.01)] were observed ( Table 2 ).

Phenotypic variation and heritability The REML analysis revealed that environment and genotype effects exerted highly significant (P < 0.001) effects on nearly all studied traits.

Species identity effects on stand productivity and biomass partitioning Comparing the pot-level productivity of the 16 (moist treatment) or 11 species combinations (dry treatment) with Two-way ANOVA revealed highly significant effects of the species combination [F (15, 169) = 3.75, p < 0.001] and of the moisture treatment [ F (1, 183) = 38.28, p < 0.001] on RGR total .

The genotypic effect was highly significant for GP, GI, and VI (P< 0.001).

Exogenous melatonin treatment (MS) further dramatically increased the MT level to 505.0 μg·g -1 , which was 78.9% and 63.1% higher than that of the CK and S groups, respectively, and the differences between the groups all reached highly significant levels ( P <0.001).

Akaike information criterion (AIC) values of segmented regression models for all three factors were significantly lower than those of linear models, and likelihood ratio tests were highly significant ( Supplementary Table 5 , P < 0.001).

Analysis of variance The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a highly significant differentiation (P< 0.001) among the three sources of variation: genotype (G), environment (E), and the genotype-environment (G x E) interaction, across all agronomic traits ( Table 1 ).

However, SH showed significant differences between genotypes ( p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 in 2018 and 2019, respectively) and highly significant differences between WM ( p < 0.001; for both seasons).

Genotype by environment interaction Finlay-Wilkinson regression The genotypic and environmental main effects of the Finlay-Wilkinson (FW) model were highly significant ( P < 0.001) for all observed traits ( Supplementary Table 4 ).