Urine-Based Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

J Clin Med · 2026 · PMC12941476 · PMID 41753299

Europe PMC DOI

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highly significantno p-value reported

These results are statistically highly significant (all 95% confidence intervals are far from the null value), indicating the substantial clinical potential of urine tests as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for UTUC.

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an important trendno p-value reported

Tumor grade analysis uncovered an important trend: as the proportion of high-grade tumors in the studies increased (from <60% to >80%), the diagnostic specificity significantly improved (from 0.63 to 0.98).

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.