Ancient levantine demography follows ecological stochasticity.

Results The first case study, spanning the 16th–20th centuries across three sub-periods, reveals a notable trend of settlement abandonment and colonization of new areas (Table 1 ).

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The second case study, spanning the 5th–3rd millennia BCE, also reveals a significant trend of settlement abandonment and colonization (Table 1 ).

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This knowledge may be significant not only for the scholarly community, but also for informing policy interventions and resource allocation strategies aimed at mitigating abandonment risks and promoting sustainable land use practices in vulnerable regions.

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