Decoupling the effects of nutrition, age, and behavioral caste on honey bee physiology, immunity, and colony health.

6 Results 6.1 Genes associated with physiological activity 6.1.1 Genes encoding storage proteins The expression of the genes encoding for storage proteins ( vg and mrjp1 ) revealed similar expression patterns: Behavior had a highly significant effect on the levels of vg and mrjp1 ( p < 0.001) in all the age and nutritional groups; with higher levels in nurses compared with foragers ( Figure 3A ; Table 1 , Supplementary Table 2 ).

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Paired comparisons of behavioral, nutritional, and age groups showed that DWV had a strong trend toward higher titers in foragers, with highly significant differences in all nutritional and age groups ( p < 0.001) except young foragers from U colonies ( Table 2 ).

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